INDEX. 



Citations marked with an asterisk (*) refer to illustrations. 



.Abrasive power of shifting ash, 338. 

 Acacia farnesiana, 11. 

 Acanthis linaria, 483. 

 Acid rains at La Touche, 175, 176. 

 Acid fumes of Smokes, 265, 266. 

 Acidity of ash, 226. 

 Adjustment of trees to ash deposits, 192*, 198*. 



199. 



Adventitious roots, 187, 188, 200, 202. 

 Agrostis hiemalis, 23*, 27*. 49, 56. 

 Agrostis meleleuca, 30*, 49. 

 Alaska willow, recovery complete, 187. 

 Alder exterminated, 187. 

 Algae absent from wet ash, 226. 

 Algae near vents, 271. 

 Alnus sinuata, 29*, 49, 187, 189, 193. 

 Alpine heath re-established, 56, 57. 

 Alum on slopes of Mount Katmai, 227. 

 Amblystegium sp., 47. 

 Ammonia content in ash unaltered, 221. 

 Ammonia content large in lower 18 in. layer, 216. 

 Ammonia content of tundra, 223. 

 Ammonia from decaying wood, 234. 

 Ammonia in rainfall, 232, 231*. 

 Ammonia in Valley rainfall, 233. 

 Anas platyrhynchus, 479. 

 Animal life, effect of eruption on, 208. 

 Anthus spinoletta rubescens, 486. 

 Aquatic vegetation recovered, 41. 

 Archangelica officinalis, 49. 

 Area of hot blasts, 180. 

 Area of mudflow, 120. 

 Areas of mud volcanoes located, 260. 

 Areas of bare ash, cause, and vegetation of same, 



44, 45. 



Area of Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 116. 

 Arenaria melanocephala, 482. 

 Aristolelia, 14. 



Arquatella maritima couesi, 480. 

 Artemesia tilesii, 180, 196, 329, 331*. 

 Ash acts as a mulch, 17. 

 Ash derived from igneous complex, 217. 

 Ash dunes, 37, 37*, 38, 39. 

 Ash layer composition, 39, 41. 

 Ash layers differentiated, 11. 

 Ash removal, 54, 55. 

 Ash, toxic to plants, 224. 

 Ash, instability of, 37. 

 Athyrium cyclosorum, 190, 193. 

 Atriplex alaskse, 52*. 53, 53*. 



B 



Baldpate, 479. 



Bamboo grass, 12. 



Bark dead, cause of starvation, 199. 



Bark of trees alive where buds killed, 183, 184*, 



185*. 



Balsam poplar, survival, 185*. 187. 

 Beach grass adapted to shifting sand conditions, 



322. 



Bear trails sprouted, 336*, 337, 337*, 338. 

 Betula rotundifolia, 190, 193, 201. 

 Birch survivals, Soluka Valley, 187. 

 Blasts of hot gas, 177, 179, 180. 

 Blue mud, 260. 

 Bogs destroyed, 42, 42*. 



Re vegetation of, 43, 44. 

 Broken Mountain fumaroles, 105*. 111. 

 Bush sickness, New Zealand volcanic plains, 14. 



Calamagrostis langsdorfi, 7*. 49, 50*. 177, 189, 



196, 201, 326*, 329, 331, 332*, 341. 

 Calcium, salts absent, 227. 

 Calcarus lapponicus alascensis, 484. 

 Calibration of pyrometers, 251. 

 Campanula lasiocorpa, 57. 

 Campe barbarea, 329, 331*. 

 Canyons of Valley, 103, 118*. 

 Cardamine umbellata, 196. 

 Carex sp., 189, 196. 

 Cause of fumaroles, 99-111. Mogmatic hypothesis, 



104-111. Surface water hypothesis. 99-104. 



Real volcano 

 Cephus columba, 477. 

 Cerastium sp., 189, 196. 

 Chamaenerium augustifolium, 30*. 49, 341. 

 Charadrius dominicus fulvus, 482. 

 Charcoal from buried wood and vegetation, 126*, 



127*. 129, 129*. 130, 132*, 133*, 134*, 205, 206, 



206*. 207*. 



Chemical character of ash, 16, 17. 

 Chickadee, Yukon, 486. 

 Chimney fumaroles, 257, 257*, 258, 265. 

 Chlorides and sulphates from rainfall, 233. 

 Chlorides in ash, 226. 

 Clangula islandica, 480. 

 Classification of fumaroles, 257-262. 

 Climate of Kodiak, 17-24. Table I and III, 20*. 

 Common birds of Katmai region, 475, 476. 

 Comparison surviving plants, Soluka Valley and 



Kodiak, 193. 



487 



