Index 



491 



Rissa tridactyla pollicaris, 477. 



Roots, adventitious, 200, 201, 202*. 



Root system, 31, 201, 202*. 



Roseau grass, 12. 



Rumex acetosella, 13. 



Rubus chamsemorus, 33. 



Rubus pedatus, 33, 35*. 



Rubus spectabilis, 30*, 49, 50, 189. 196, 201. 



Saccharum spontaneum, 10. 



Salicornia, 52. 



Salix alexensis, 187, 193, 201, 203*, 320, 329. 



Salix arctica, 189. 



Salix barclayi, 187, 320, 329. 



Salix bebbiana, 187, 328*. 329. 



Salix glauca, 189, 201. 



Salix nuttallii, 187, 201, 203*, 320,. 329. 



Salt concentration in wet places, 331, 332. 



Salt content higher in upper ash layers, 228, 229. 



Salt marshes, 52, 52*. 53, 53*. 54. . 

 Vegetation of same, 52. Burial, 53. Revival, 

 53, 54. 



Sambucus pubens, 196, 329. 



Sand blasts, 34*, 37, 37*. 38*. 39, 39*. 



Sandstones burned brick red, 204. 



Sandpiper, Aleutian, 480. 

 Least, 481. Red-breasted, 481. Western, 481. 



Sandstone beneath tundra, 222. 



Sanguisorba sitchensis, 49, 189, 193, 196. 



Saplings survive where large trees die, 186*. 199. 



Section of the Valley, 122. 



Secondary deposit hypothesis of mudflow, 110*, 



136*. 140*. 



Formation, 132, 133. No evidence of old bed, 

 134. Collecting area, 135. Qunatity of water 

 insufficient, 135, 136. 



Seedlings, buried by drifting sand, 39. 



Dwarfed, 44, 45, 45*. In Kodiak forest, 4*. 45, 

 46*. 47, 47*. 48*, 49. In sheltered places, 44, 

 44*. 50*. 51, 51*. Started in ash, 36, 36*. 37. 

 Winter killed, 50, 51. 



Seed plants not poisoned by fumes, 181, 182*. 



Seeds germination in ash, 335, 336, 337. 



Shifting ash, 34*, 37, 37*. 38, 38*. 39, 39*. 



Shifting streams retard vegetation, 340, 341. 



Silene acaulis, 189. 



Siliqua patula, 478. 



Silver fern, 12. 



Snowdrifts, ash covered, 338, 339*. 

 Unmelted by ejecta, 190*, 191. 



Snowflakes, 476. 



Snowwater free of ammonia and nitrites, 233, 234. 



Soil temperatures, 196, 197. 



Solidago lipida, 49. 



Soluble salt content of ash, 227, 228, 229, 229*. 



Somateria spectabilis, 480. 



Soufriere of St. Vincent eruption- 

 Depth of ejecta, 11. Vegetation re-established, 

 12. Fertility increase, 13. 



Source of mudflow 



Interior of earth, 139, 140. Traced by high mud 

 mark, 139. More than one point of issue, 141. 

 Sparrow, Aleutian song, 485. 

 Bischoff's song, 485. Golden-crowned, 484. 

 Shumagin Fox, 485. Western Savanna, 482*. 

 484. 



Spruce winter killed, 49, 50. 

 Starvation of trees, 199, 200*. 

 Steam comes through cold water, 101, 102*. 

 Stem reactions of surviving plants, 201, 202*, 



203, 203*. 



Stereocaulon sp., 12. 

 Stratified Katmai ash, 110*, 118*, 120*. 125, 132*,- 



136*. 140*. 



Streptopus amplexifolius, 196. 

 Succession, course altered, 54. 

 Sulphur fumes and effects, 181. 

 Surface fissures, 258, 258*, 259, 272. 

 Surface water hypothesis, 99-104. 

 Position of Valley, 99. Drainage, 99, 100. Sur- 

 face evaporation, 100. Size and position of 

 large vents, 102. Ground water insufficient, 

 102, 103. Lava flow lacking, 103. 

 Survival of buried plants, 191. 

 Survival of vegetation, 184*. 185, 185*. 186. 

 Swamp conditions, 39-41. 



Increase of ash deposit, 39. Differentiation of 

 three ash layers, 41. Physical properties of 

 ash, 41. 

 Swan, 475. - 



Taal eruption, 10, 11. 



Depth of ejecta, 10. Revegetation from old 

 stock, 10. Ejecta, composition, 11. Vegeta- 

 tion, return, 10. Comparison of ejecta and 

 vegetation to Kodiak, 11. 

 Taal re vegetation, 197. 

 Tarawera compared with Katmai, 191. 



Revegetation stages, 13, 14. 

 Tattler, Wandering, 481. 

 Temperature highest at orifice of fumaroles, 258,. 



263, 265. 



Temperature of fumaroles, 105, 106, 106*. 

 Temperature table for Kodiak, 18. 

 Thrush, Alaska hermit, 486. 

 Time of mudflow appearance, 124*. 125, 126*,. 



129*, 133. 



Timothy growth in ash, 7*, 36, 36*. 37. 

 Toxic effects of ferrous iron, 225*. 226. 

 Trees killed in areas of light ashfall, 176, 177. 

 Trees loaded with ash, 47, 48*. 

 Trees saved by strand of bark, 187. 

 Triangulation of vegetation stations, 27, 28.. 

 Trientalis arctica, 190, 193. 

 Trifolium, 13. 

 Trisetum spicatum, 27*. 

 Tubercle bacillus, 328. 

 Turnstone, Black, 482. 



