94 HANDBOOK OF FOSSILS. 



composed of the dust and ashes thrown out of volcanoes, with 

 here and there a lava flow now hardened into solid rock, but 

 the stumps of the volcanoes themselves are left to tell the tale. 

 The cones indeed are gone, carried off piecemeal by the rain and 

 frosts, and other destructive agencies, in the course of countless 

 ages : not so the once fluid rock within ; that cooled down into 

 Granite, and though originally below the surface, it now, owing 

 to the removal of the overlying softer strata, forms raised ground 

 overlooking the surrounding country. The granite masses of 

 Cornwall, of Dartmoor, in the south-west of Mt. Sorrel ; the 

 variety called Syenite at Malvern and Charnwood Forest ; the 

 Basalts of the Cheviot Hills and of Antrim ; the volcanic rocks 

 of Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh, and of the islands of Skye.and 

 Mull, etc., are examples of this class of rock. They are of dif- 

 ferent ages, and belong to different periods of the earth's history, 

 from early Palceozoic down to Miocene times. 



TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF THE 

 ANIMAL KINGDOM, TO SHOW THE ORDER IN 

 WHICH THE FOSSILS SHOULD BE ARRANGED. 



INVERTEBRATA. 



Foraminifera, minute chambered shells like the Nummulite. 

 Spongida, Sponges. 

 Hydrozoa, Graptolites, etc. 

 Actinozoa, Corals. 



Echinodennata, Sea-urchins, Stone-lilies, Starfish, etc. 

 Annelida, Worm tracks. 

 Crustacea, Trilobites, Crabs, etc. 

 Arachnida, Scorpions and Spiders. 

 Myriapoda, Centipedes. 

 Insecta, Beetles, Butterflies, etc. 

 Polyzoa (Bryozoa} or Moss Animals. 

 Brachiopods, Lampshells. 



f Lameilibranchiatct, Bivalves. 

 Mollusca 3 Gasteropoda, Univalves. 



(^Cephalopoda, Cuttlefish, Ammonites. 



VERTEBRATA. 

 Pisces, Fish. 



Amphibia, Labyrinthodonts, Frogs, and Newts. 

 Reptilia, Reptiles. 

 Avcs, Birds. 

 Mammalia, Mammals. 



