170 



POPULAR GARDENING. 



May, 



A New Type of the Japanese Chry- 

 santhemum. 



With the widespread interest prevailing 

 in whatever pertains to the improvement 

 and culture of the Chrysanthemum at the 

 present time, an intro<luction to our readers 

 of the new style of this popular autumn 

 flower shown on this page should prove in- 

 teresting. 



This singular variety, plainly of the .Ja- 

 panese section, and known asMacauley,\vas 

 first sent out by an European nursery, that 

 of Mons. .Simon Delaux, last year. It was 

 sliown at the National Chrysanthemum So- 

 ciety's exhibition at London last autumn, 

 and from the flowers there exhibited our 

 engraving was made. This engraving ap- 

 peared originally in the London 

 Gardening World. 



Tlie flowers referred to are de- 

 scribed as having been about four 

 or five inches in diameter, rather 

 flat-topped, and from the peculi- 

 arly crested form of the florets 

 presented the general appearance 

 of curled Endive of small size, 

 and compact in the arrangement 

 of the leaves. The florets are 

 club-shaped, incurved, lacerated 

 or cut at the apex in a most sin- 

 gular manner into a number of 

 twisted or hool^ed claw-like seg- 

 ments. The flower-heads are 

 massive in general appearance, 

 and of a yellow color, heavily 

 suffused with a Ijronzy tint. 



It is highly desirable that the 

 characters presented by this new- 

 Japanese variety should be pre- 

 served and extended to others of 

 the same type, but diftering in 

 color. In other words, we would 

 fain hope it would constitute the 

 type of a new section that could 

 hardly fail to be admired by lovers 

 of this, the queen of autumn 

 flowers; but especially by those 

 who admire the curious and fan- 

 tastic forms of the Japanese sec- 

 tion, which is at once the most 

 popular of the two leading types, 

 and richest in the extent and 

 variety of coloring. The .Japanese 

 kinds are, moreover, the least rigid 

 or formal of these composite flower-heads, 

 which makes them greater favorites with 

 artists and people in general than the dense 

 arrangements existing in other artificial 

 productions of horticulture in this genus. 



well sets forth the need of early habits of 

 observation of all common objects: 



" To know those things which about us lie 

 In daily life, is the prime wisdom." 

 Trees form fit subjects for such object 

 lessons as will lead children in their walks, 

 by the road-side, in the park or the woods, 

 when at work or play, to observe and dis- 

 criminate them and thus appreciate their 

 beauty and value. Years before they can 

 study botany, they can be led to distinguish 

 each by such common marks as the }faf, 

 flower, fruit, form, bark, or (jrain of the 

 wood. I often found teachers and scholars 

 unable to tell the kind of wood used in the 

 floors, doors, wainscoting, window-frames, 

 lilinds, or sashes of their school-rooms, sim- 



ure in the parentage of trees, whether for- 

 est, fruit or ornamental. 



Study the Trees. 



HON. B. O. NORTmtOP, CHESTER, CONN. 



" What are the marks by which children 

 can distingtiish our common trees ? " is the 

 suggestive question of a teacher who wants 

 to lead her scholars to study trees. .Surely 

 our grand trees are worthy of careful ob- 

 servation. One is often surprised at the ig- 

 norance of both teachers and scholars, es- 

 pecially in cities, in regard to the trees 

 which are growing all around them. 



Says a school official in one of our large 

 cities— an expert in examining teachers: " I 

 am confident that the majority of our fe- 

 male teachers cannot distinguish and name 

 half a dozen of our common shade trees." 

 A prominent professor in Yale Univeraity 

 says: " I have lately talked with college 

 students who could not give the names of 

 more than three kinds of trees in New 

 Haven." Many study books more than 

 things, and greatly need Nature's teaching. 



For Nature is the great educator. " Books 

 are the art of man. Nature is the art of 

 God." Books serve us best when used as 

 helps in studying nature. Observation 

 precedes reflection and furnishes tlie ma- 

 terial for reflection. A couplet of Milton 



CHRYSANTHEMUM MACAULEY. A NEW TYPE. 



ply because their attention had never been 

 called to such common things. 



In a lesson on form, for example, the 

 teacher may say, "On what kind of trees 

 are the limbs horizontal, or at right angles 

 to the trunk •■ None of you can answer '! 

 Then I shall not tell you. Each of you 

 should look carefully at the trees on your 

 way home to-night and be able to tell me to- 

 morrow." How interesting that morrow's 

 lesson when so many with the air and inter- 

 est of explorers report what they found in 

 the school-yard, door-yard, cemetery, road- 

 side or nearest woods. One such fact or 

 truth which a child discovers for himself is 

 worth a thousand told him by the teacher, 

 for every discovery thus made invites and 

 facilitates future acquisitions and fosters 

 that habit of observation which, when early 

 formed, is of priceless value. 



Similar lessons on the leaf, flowers, fruits 

 and even the grain of the wood, with speci- 

 mens in hand, favor clear perception and ac- 

 curate discrimination. Of these six marks, 

 the bark seems at first least distinctive, 

 though to the careful observer each kind 

 shows a distinct individualism in color, 

 form, and in the lines, seams, or sutures. 

 Children can easily see whether it is smooth 

 or rough, notched or shaggj', hard or soft, 

 thick or thin, tougli or brittle. 



These studies will awaken love of trees, 

 and make youth practical arborists, so that 

 they will want to jilant and protect trees. 

 Then they will find there is a peculiar plea.s- 



A Talk About Lilies. 



" p. p." WORCESTER CO., MASS. 



For ages the Lily has been extolled as an 

 emblem of purity, grace and beauty. That 

 noble tribute which it received in the Ser- 

 mon on the Mount has given it a renown as 

 lasting as our race. If the varieties known 

 in the time of the Saviour were confined, as 

 supposed, to the candidum and Chalcedoni- 

 cum, what is to be said of the " glory " of 

 the remarkable additions made to cultivat- 

 ed kinds within the last fifty years. It was 

 the introduction of the Auratum lAXy that 

 more than any other brought this 

 class into recent prominence. 

 Varieties now number into hun- 

 dreds and the end is not yet. 



The improved cultivation of the 

 Lily is comparatively of recent 

 date and as yet it can, as applied 

 to all sorts, hardly be stated Ity 

 rules. Dealers may tell us that 

 they are of the easiest culture, but 

 why then do good cultivators yet 

 differ so widely in their opinions 

 and ways of treatment. Some con- 

 tend that the bulb flowers but 

 once, others that it is biennial or 

 perennial; some say plant deep, 

 others shallow; that no manure 

 should be used, others that there 

 should Ije; and so on. 



Although the writer is yet im- 

 acquainted with many varieties, 

 he has had enough experience 

 with kinds to find a wide differ- 

 ence in their characteristics, and 

 to this fact may be attribute<l the 

 contradicting ideas of different 

 Ijily growers. Dealers in their 

 lists throw very little light on the 

 matter of classification of the sub- 

 genera of the Lilies and the pur- 

 chaser is left to make his selection 

 as best he can. To assist the 

 reader In this important matter 

 we herewith present a glance at 

 the classification of Mr. Baker, 

 which is the best we have seen. 

 This is based mainly on the shape 

 of the flower and the disposition of the leaves. 

 Lilies with Erect Bell-shaped Flowers.— 

 IsoLiKiON Gkocp. Leaver in ujioite.— Example 

 L. Philadelphicum. Leaves swittered— Examples 

 — L. bulbiferum, C. Thunbergianura. 



Trcmpet-Shaped Lilies. Enlirion Group. 

 Leaves, laneeoMe sessile. Examples— L. longiflor- 

 um, L. PhlUppense, L. canes. Scattered. Exam- 

 ples— L. Japonicum, L. Kramerii, L. candidum, 

 L. Brownii. Leaves in whorls. Example — L. 

 Washin^tonianum. 



Turk's lap Lilies. Mabtaoon Group. 

 Leaves in ivhorls Examples— American species, 

 L. Canadense, L. pardalinum, L. superbum, L. 

 umbellatum. Old World species— L. Martagon, 

 L. Hansonii. Leaves scattered, la)ieeolnte, many 

 nerverj. Examples— L. monadelphum, L. ponti- 

 cum, L. camiolicum. Leaves naninvly linear, 

 few leaves. Example— L. testaceum, L. Leicht- 

 linii, L. pomponium, L. chalcedonicum, L. tenui- 

 folium. 



Golden-Kayed and Tiger Lilies. Arch.«- 

 LiRioN Group, Leaves short staiked. Example — 

 L. speciosum, L. auratum. 



The foregoing are some of the principal types 

 of each class, except the L. Thompsonianum, 

 which appears to be distinct from all others, 

 ha\ing a coated bulb lilte the P'ritillaria. 



Though some I^ilies in the wild state may 

 be fouml growing in swamps and muck, it 

 does not follow that tliey should be grown 

 in like situation in cultivation. A place 

 free from standing water, but moist, with 

 partial shade in the heat of the day, appears 

 to be the best, with mulching and watering 

 in dry weather. 



Many failures have undoubtedly been ex- 

 perienced in Lily culture from two common 



