126 COUNT KUHFOKD. 



were extended to embrace applications of it far beyond 

 the design of the testator. Permission was obtained to 

 apply the fund to the publication of books, or methods 

 of discovery, bearing on the Count's favourite subjects 

 of experiment ; and to the aid and reward of scientific 

 workers. Thus, in 1839, Dr. Hare, of Philadelphia, re- 

 ceived from the Academy six hundred dollars for his 

 invention of the compound blow-pipe, and his improve- 

 ments in galvanic apparatus. In 1862 the Kumford 

 medal was awarded to Mr. John B. Ericsson, for his 

 caloric engine; while Mr. Alvan Clark, so celebrated 

 for his improvements of the refracting telescope, and 

 the eminent Dr. John Draper, of the University of New 

 York, have been also numbered among the recipients. 



Accompanied by his daughter, Rumford returned to 

 Germany in 1796. 'Three weeks' constant travel; 

 circuitous routes to avoid troops, bad roads, still worse 

 accommodations passing nights in the carriages for the 

 want of an inn scantiness of provisions, joined with 

 great fatigue, rendered our journey by no means agree- 

 able.' At Munich they were lodged in the splendid 

 house allotted to the Count. France and Austria were 

 then at war, while Bavaria sought to remain rigidly 

 neutral. Eight days after Rumford's arrival, the Elector 

 took refuge in Saxony. Moreau had crossed the Rhine and 

 threatened Bavaria. After a defeat by the French, the 

 Austrians withdrew to Munich, but found the gates of 

 the city closed against them. They planted batteries on 

 a height commanding the city. According to arrange- 

 ment with the Elector, Rumford assumed the command 

 of the Bavarian forces, and by his firmness and presence 

 of mind prevented both French and Austrians from 

 entering Munich. A foreigner acting thus was sure to 

 excite jealousy and encounter opposition ; but, despite 

 all this, he was eminently successful in realising his 



