Plant Diseases and Insects. 8i 



many from attempting to combat the black-rot of the grape, 

 has been settled during the past year in a neglected vineyard 

 of Virginia. Here the Bordeaux mixture yielded as net gain 

 for a total outlay of $6.51, $25.89, or 297 per cent, upon in- 

 vestment ; the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, above 

 mentioned, yielded for an expenditure of $3.32, $22.60, or 685 

 percent, upon the outlay, while, where no sprayings were made, 

 no grapes whatever were gathered. 



''The new realization that, unless these fungous pests are 

 fought, there will be no profit in fruit growing and truck gar- 

 dening has created a demand for cheaper and less complicated 

 machinery with which to apply the various fungicidal mixtures, 

 and this demand has been promptly met by the manufacture 

 of various knapsack pumps, tw^o of which are shown in ' Tools 

 and Conveniences of the Year,' in Part II. One introduces 

 a new material into the construction of such machinery, in 

 the shape of indurated fibre-ware. This ware possesses the 

 advantage of being strong and light, and promises to be even 

 more durable than copper, should the demand for the pump 

 ever place it fully upon the market. The Galloway pump was 

 devised by B. T. Galloway, with the view of putting upon 

 the market a cheap and, at the same time, durable knapsack 

 sprayer. It has several advantages of simplicity and ease of 

 manipulation. Since no patents are upon it, any copper 

 manufacturer may construct it and may secure figures and a 

 description of its construction by applying to the Department 

 of Agriculture. 



" Aside from this, the matter of the manufacture of a more 

 convenient fungicide, or a more convenient form of the old tried 

 formulas, has attracted some attention, and the firms of Peter 

 Henderson & Co. of New York City, Benj. Hammond of Fishkill- 

 on-the-Hudson, W. S. Powell & Co. of Baltimore, E. Bean of 

 Jacksonville, Fla., and perhaps others, have taken the matter 

 into consideration and we may expect soon to see commercial 

 fungicides, as well as commercial fertilizers, put up in the most 

 convenient form for immediate use. The progress of the year, 

 while it has not revealed any entirely new fungicides, has tested 

 old ones and suggested most valuable modifications and combi- 

 nations, such as that of the Bordeaux mixture with the arsenites 

 in the treatment of apple scab and codlin moth. The only 

 modification worthy of notice here is that discovered by M. 



