Chap. V. ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. 89 



pulj'es of the pi hid of the animal, difpofing him both to feek nourlHi- 

 ment, reft, and whatever elfe is neceflary for the deifip^ and ivell-bcin^ 

 of the individual, and likewife to propagate his kind. Thcfc impulfcs 

 arife from the objeds which are prefented to him by the fenfe : They 

 are what we call appetites. And both that which prompts the animal 

 to preferve the individual, and that which prompts him to propagate 

 his kind, are exprefled in Greek by the word eT^^t;^^,**; which, accor- 

 ding to the account we have given of the animal conftitution, 

 muft neceffarily attend fenfation, and therefore is elfential to the ani~ 

 7nal or fenfiti've nature. 



Again, as nature has been pleafed to diiiwc-x. pkafurc to the gratifi- 

 cation of thefe appetites, in order to prompt the animal to gratify 

 them, and to reward him, as it were, for obeying the call of nature ; 

 hence it comes, that pleafure likewife is effential to the animal con- 

 ftitution, and, by confequence, its oppofite ^^/«; for, wherever there 

 is pleajure in the gratification of any appetite, there muft of ncceirity 

 be pain in the difappointment. or counterading of that appetite. 



Farther ftill, if there were no other infiinSJive impulfe given to the 

 animal, the purpofe of nature would not be fulfilled ; for it is necef- 

 fary, not only that the animal fhould provide for the individual, and 

 likewife propagate his kind, but further, it is for thefe very purpofes 

 neceffary, that he ftiould defend himfclf, as far as he is able, againft 

 every thing that w^ould hurt or deftroy him, and that he Ihould have 

 a certain degree of refolution and perfffverance in his purfuits. Nature, 

 therefore, has given the animal an impulfe or iiwuemeyit of the mindy 

 by which he is prompted to encounter danger, to refift when attacked, 

 and to overcome difficulties which may occur in the gratification of 

 his appetites. This principle of the animal nature is expreffed in 



M Greek 



• See Philoponus's commentary, ibid. 



