€hap. VII. ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. 113 



appetite, or propenfity, neceflary, either for the prefervatlon of the 

 individual, or of the fpecies ; whereas, the human mind can, without 

 any fuch prompter, and felf-moved, coiijure up thofe forms, or phan- 

 toms, as they may be called, in the imagination, and join or disjoin 

 them, vary, and put them together, as it thinks proper. In this 

 way, a man makes of his imagination a kind of magic Ian- 

 thorn, in which he exhibits to himfelf pidures of all kinds, beau- 

 tiful and pleafant, or ugly and frightful. This, in our dreams, makes 

 *wild ivorky as Milton fays *; but, when we are awake, it produces 

 all the fine arts of imitation and defign, which make the delight 

 of human life. But, however fanciful and various thofe pidures may 

 l)e, the materials of them are always taken from fenfe ; for the warm- 

 €ft imagination of the poet can create none new. The maxim of the 

 fclioolmen, therefore, that nihil eft in intelkciu, quod non fuit in fenfu^ 

 though it be not true of intelled, is certainly true of the phantafia. 



The next thing I obferve, concerning the operations of the mind 

 upon particular objeds, is the comparing them together, either as they 

 are perceived by the fenfe, or reprefented by the imagination. This 

 faculty, as I have obferved, is common to us with the better kind of 

 brutes ; but there is but one name, even in Greek, both for the facuU 

 (y, and the act of comparing, viz. Aoye?, which, as I have faid, the 

 Greek philofophcrs apply even to brutes t* And, as we have no other 

 word to exprefs /oyaj but reafon^ I hope it will not give offence, if I 

 fliould fay that thefe brutes have reafouy at leaft, in fome degree. But 

 there is no word at all in Englifh to exprefs the conclufion of that 

 comparifon or deliberation among the brutes, which is a determina- 

 tion to ad in one way or another : Nor do I know that there is any 

 v;ord for it in Greek, at leaft in common ufe, (for fome philofo- 

 phcrs, as I have obferved before, give it the name of ^4*,) ex- 



P cept 



* PaTadife Loft, Book 5. v. H2. 



t See Porphyry, in his work, Be Ahjiincntia. See alfo Ariftotle, lib. 2. Di AnU 

 ma, cap. 3. in fine. 



