Chap. XVI. ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. 197 



but all irs energies are neceflarily connedted with body, then it has no 

 feparate exiftence *. 



For underftanding this rule the better, there are three thijigs 

 to be diftinguifhed— the ejj.nce of the thing, by which it exiils, 



and is what it is, its faculties, and, laftly, its energies or 



operations. Of thefe, the two laft muft neceflarily depend upon 

 the firlt ; for, from the eflence of every thing, mufl proceed 

 both its faculties and energies. But, as we cannot difcover the 

 eflence of any thing, except from its energies and operations, we 

 muft, in this cafe, confider what the energies of the feveral minds are, 

 from which we can reafon, both concerning their faculties, and their 

 eflTence or exiftence ; for faculties or powers are hidden things, as well 

 as eflences, and not otherways difcoverable, but by ihe exerciie of 

 them. Now, there are minds which energize only in conjundtioa 

 with body, and which have no faculties that do not operate by body ; 

 From whence I conclude, that thofe minds have no Teparate exiftence ; 

 for it would be in vain for them to exiil;, if they d-d not energize; 

 and, as Ariftotle tells us, nature does nothing in vaai f . According 

 to- this rule, therefore, it is impoflible that the mind which informs un- 

 organized bodies can have any ieparate exiftence ; for, as it does no- 

 thing but move body, no reaion can be afiigned why it fliould exift 

 without body. The fame reaion will apply to the ^vegetable lije ; for 

 we cannot conceive to what purpole it fh^uld exift, without fome body 

 to nourifh, to make grow, and to contmue by propagaiion. 



As 



* Arif!otIe's words are, E« usv ou» eo-t* r< t&»» t«j vw;^?:? i^ym \, Trxh.fixrm tcm, tva's- 



J(^»itO Kf CCVTtil '/^Uf^ll^ia-tm- i» ^8 yltijJlli iC-TO <J(»y «S9T/;,#v>i «:»«,) -^».g(0-Tl). Lib. I. ■!r9pi\V'M, 



Andy in anothei place, 'Oe-«y y*^ tTny ^t^y^uy k i^z^yt.* ootfccirucr,, Jif/tflP 'on Tx-jTKi cinv 

 o-ufinr*( eclvvxTo)! l)5^«f;^i'<», oiov /S«^»^hv tcvtu 7.00U1 That is, ' "Whatever principle operates 



* bodi/y^ or with body only, that principle cannot exift without hdy, any more than 



* ivatking can be wirhouty<?<rf .* 



■\ iA.r^v r, (fvirn jreiei f/.xT/it^ ^yirt «:r«A«;rf< r»>y xy*iyKtcit>)f—-Dc //ni^ra. Lib. 3. Cnp. 10. 



