Chap. XXL ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. 299 



folutely fynonimous ; and the addition or epithet of free to ijoill is al- 

 together fuperfluous. Accordingly, in the Greek language, Jt is ne* 

 ver added ; and, though we have tranflated the expreffion into Latin, 

 and fay, liberum arbitriimiy I. do not remember that Cicero, or any 

 Latin writer upon philofophy in that age, ufes fuch an exprelTion. 



We {hall underftand better the nature of ivilli and that eflentlal 

 freedom which belongs to it, when we compare it with the operations 

 of matter unorganized, or organized, that is, the vegetable and icnCi- 

 tive natures. 



And firft, as to unorganized matter, it is moved, as we have feen, 

 either by an internal principle, which is what I call Nature^ or by ck* 

 ternal impuUe ; and, in both cafes, it is moved in one uniform direc- 

 tion, without any thing like fenfe, underftanding, choice, or delibera- 

 tion ; and therefore, as it cannot, by any ad: of its own, or by any 

 power from within, alter, in the leaft, its motion or direction, 1 fay it 

 is neceffarily moved. And this necefTity is what I call material or phy- 

 ftcal necejftty. 



Of the fame kind is the movement of the vegetable ; which, though 

 more various, is equally neceffary. 



The movement of the animal is flill more various ; and, as he has 

 fenfe s and diphantafta^ purfues certain ends and purpofes, and often de- 

 liberates which of two things he fhould do, it is a matter of more nice 

 difcrimination to diftinguifli \\\timpuljes^ by which headts, from ivill \ 

 Nor, indeed, is it pofifiblc, without accurately making the diftinflion 

 betwixt y?«/^ and intelie^^ appetite and w///; for the brute, though he 

 has fenfes and appetites, which dlrcd him to certain objeds, has no 

 intelled, and confequently no idea of what i^good or ?7/,and therefore 

 no ivill; and, though he fometimes deliberates, it is only whether he 



I" P 2 fhali 



