482 ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. Book V. 



excelleiit, and is dtmonjlration properly fo called, by which we 

 prove, not only that a thing is^ but 'why it is, and by which we come 

 as near as we can to fuperior intelligences, who Teethings in their cau- 

 ics, and, through the generals, recognife the particulars. 



Secitndo^ We may alio fee here the reafon why the genus can con- 

 tain lo many Ipeciefes, differing all, in fome rer^>eds, each from the o- 

 ther, yet all united in one common genus ; whereas, the fpecies con- 

 tains but one genuSj to which it belongs. And, for the fame reafon, the 

 individuals of every fpecies contain only each the fpecies to which it 

 belongs * : For the fame thing may contain many things potentiaUyy 

 as many as can be produced out of it ; but nothing a^ually exifting can 

 contain any thing but that which is a^iually in it, and conftitutes its 

 nature and eflence. 



And here we may perceive the reafon why an univerfal affirmative 

 propofition does not reciprocate ; for, though I can praedicate the ge- 

 nus animal of the whole fpecies man^ and all the individuals under it, 

 I cannot praedicate man of the whole genus animaU and all the fpeci- 

 efes and individuals under it, becaufe man contains nothing more but 

 the genus animaU fo far as it exifts in him, not as it exifts in other a- 

 nimals ; for that would be to make one fpecies of animals, or one in- 

 dividual of that fpecies, many fpeciefes, or many individuals. The 

 propofition, therefore, into which the univerlal affirmative above men- 

 tioned is convertible, is, that man may be praedicated ot fome animal "f, 



Tertio, 



* It may be objeQed, that the individual man contains, not only the fpecies wa«, 

 but the genus animal, and, above it, the genus animated body ; then an higher genus 

 ftill, body ; and, laflly, the higheft of all, Jiibjlance. But it is to be obferved, that the 

 individual ma7i, in aUlually containing the fpecies man^ does alfo aBimlly contain all 

 the feveral genules above it, the fpecies, as I have lliown, a^litatiy containing the ge- 

 nus above it. 



t This is the diftinO;ion made by Arillotle, betwixt the univerfal affirmative, and 

 the particular affirmative, which, as I have obferved, he expreffies thus, x<«t« 7r«>Tfl;, and 

 xKTx Ttroi J fo that, though we can fay (^&'e» xcerx Trzvroi xv^fuTrcvy we cannot fay cfjSfUTrti 

 amrx ttxvtcs (,u6v, but Only «y^/)«!rej xxtx tocj ^«eu, 



