214 ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. Book IV. 



To theio four Caufcs Plato has added two others, viz. the Iiiftru- 

 mental Caufe and the Exemplary, but without any neceffity or 

 good reafon : For the inftrument, by which any agent performs any 

 work, is not the Caufc of the work, properly fpeaking, but the means 

 by which it is performed ; and, accordingly, in common language, 

 we do not fay that the pencil is the caufe of the piiSture, or the gra- 

 ving -tool of the ftatue, but the Artift of both *. Or, if the Platonicians 

 will dignify it with the name of a Caufc, it is to be referred to the Ef- 

 ficient Caufe; but it is only a Secondary Caufe of that kind, and of a 

 nature very much inferior to the Primary, as much inferior as Body 

 is to AlinJ, or the Tool to the Art'i/l. And I fay the fame of all the 

 operations of Body upon Body ; as, when one Body impels another, 

 the impelling Body is only the Secondary Efficient Caufe of the Mo- 

 tion, but the Primary Caufe of it is Mind, moving either that im- 

 pelling Body, or fome other which impels it. And here again the 

 truth appears of what I have elfewhere obferved t, that Mind is ul- 

 timately the Efficient Caufe of every thing in the univerfe. As to 

 what is called the Exemplary Caufe, if it is to be confidered as a 

 Caufe, it muft be referred to xht formal ; and the expreffion denotes 

 no more, than that the Form, inftead of being derived from the 

 Mind of the Artift, which is commonly the cafe of the works of Art 

 and Intelligence, is taken from fome thing without the Mind of the 



Artift t- 



Having 



• The learned in the Greek language will obfcrve, that the inftrument or means, 

 by which any thing is done, is exprefled by the prepofition im, conftrued with the 

 genetive ; for they fay a thing is done hit t$vIi n rovh : Whereas the Final Caufe is 

 expreffed by the fanne prepofition joined with the accufative, as appears from 

 the paffage of Ariflotle quoted in the preceding note. 



t P. 20. 



J I will enumerate all thefe fix caufes, as they are exprefied by the various 

 ufe of the Greek prcpofitions. Ttrjajj*; «u» n x^-^n x«tT» t»» A^nrTonM'' « -/aj t» 



»J iv, oJ; i! i/Ai)' I! TO x»t' i, '«; T« JiS'»;' i) to i/p' iu, u( To ■xtituf i) To J(' i i; to TiAoj, Kxrtc 

 U>MT»tic KXt TO ?r5«5 0, is to irec^itiliytix' xxi to J(' iv, i; to i^ytttixct, OrK-^Ui h 4 tefKn 



