XXXil 



PREFACE. 



to which Socrates' Philofophy, as I fald, was entirely confined, he 

 excelled him very far, for both he and Ariftotle learned from the 

 'Pythagorean books, what, as I have faid, is the foundation of the 

 whole human philofophy ; viz. that there are two minds in man, 

 the rational or intelledual, and the irrational or animal ; and this 

 lad, he faid, was governed by two principles, which they call 

 [ivuo; and iTTi^'juice, or anger and appetite. Prom this conftitution of 

 the human mind the Pythagoreans derived their whole dodrine of 

 Virtues and Vices in a more diftindl and clearer way, in my opinion, 

 than is to be found either in Plato or in Ariftotle *. To the 

 .rational mind, or governing principle of our nature, which delibe- 

 rates and determines, they afcribe the virtue of Prudence ; to the 

 ^y^o;, by which we refift oppofition, fullain toil and pain, and en- 

 counter danger, belonged, according to them, the virtue of Fortitude ; 

 and the sTnQvix^ix, or concupifcence^ as we may tranflate it, compre- 

 hending all thofe appetites and defires which nature has implanted 

 in us for the prefervation of the individual and continuation of the 



fpecies, is governed by that virtue which we call Te}??peranee \. 



The notion of thefe three virtues both Plato and Ariftotle have takea 

 from the Pythagoreans. As to the fourth Cardinal Virtue, viz. 

 Juftice, Plato's notion of it, as it i-s explained at great length in his 

 Books of Polity, appeared to me, w^hen I firft read thefe books, very 

 new ; and I believed it to be an invention of his own : but when I 



read 



as an introduaion to Philofophy. His words are, Aurtxa Trf/st yiv^v n y.oct fi&cov, Im 

 i<pi<T\ma>, fiT£ y.M h ,a<;vaK 4^J^«lH7r^^0Ja^,- X£tT«(, £it£ >c«t J(p£a-7vixoT«, (TUuctTX iTfiVy 

 r' aVi,v>taT«, )t«i TTOTfpoi/ >^wpii7-l5:, d" h toj? a((73-/iT0»c, x«i nnr^i ra-jxa u>£(r7aj7a, Trap- 

 purrcro^aai 7iyui' ^x^uTxrr.g Ivtrtq mg roiavrn? 7rpa>'|0t«T£ia?, x«» aAAJi? aX?'nug 

 fjin^ow; s£oy.ivr.^ l^iTxcnuc, where the learned reader will obferve, that he has enu- 

 merated, and Rated moft diftinaiy, all the difficulties concerning Ideas. 



* See I'heages, a Pythagorean Writer, tv toj Trfpi «)£twu, p. 681, of Gale's 

 Opufcula Mytholog'ica. 



I Gale's Colledloriy uhi fupra. 



