Mattagami and Missanabie rivers in Northern 

 Ontario and on the Athabasca river below Fort 

 McMurray. Semi-refractory clays occur in the 

 coal measures at Westville, Nova Scotia, at 

 Flower Cove and Minto, New Brunswick, and at 

 several points in Southern Saskatchewan. 

 Brick and tile clays occur throughout Canada, 

 Ontario being the largest producer with over 

 fifty per cent, of the total Canadian output. 

 Earthenware clays occur in Southern Saskat- 

 chewan and Nova Scotia. 



Fire clays are used most generally and ex- 

 tensively in industrial furnaces, blast furnaces, 

 crucible melting furnaces, the layers and bottoms 

 of Bessemer Converters, the furnace used in the 

 lime, glass, clay and cement industries, lead re- 

 finery furnaces, for flues, boiler settings, linings 

 of stacks, household grates, etc. Brick and tile 

 clays are used in the manufacture of building 

 brick, paving brick, sewer pipe, drain tile, chim- 

 ney linings, chimney tops, etc. Earthenware 

 clays are used in the manufacture of pottery 

 such as crocks, jars, churns, etc., tiles or blocks 

 of flooring, architectural terra-cotta, etc, 



Import and Export 



Canada's imports of clay in 1920 totalled 

 $672,782 in value, china clay accounting for 

 $242,441; fire clay $276,139; pipe clay $2,442; 

 and other clays $151,760. Her total imports of 

 clay products amounted in value to 810,781,592, 

 of this amount $5,067,492 being purchased from 

 the United Kingdom; $4,805,451 from the United 

 States; and from all other countries $908,649. 



In her export trade Canada sent away to 

 other countries clay and clay products to the 

 extent of $323,989, of which total $4,678 went 

 to the United Kingdom; $240,128 to the United 

 States; and $79,183 to other countries. Com- 

 prised in this export trade were $99,134 worth of 

 building brick; $2,516 worth of clays unmanu- 

 factured; manufactured clays to the extent of 

 $157,089; and earthenware and all manufactures 

 of amounting to $65,250. Exports of foreign 

 produce in clay and clay products amounted to 

 $32,707. 



The Manufacturing Centres 



The centres about which the clay manufac- 

 turing industry revolves in Canada are St. John, 

 New Brunswick, St. Johns, Quebec, and Medicine 

 Hat, Alberta. These three points are responsi- 

 ble for practically the entire Canadian output of 

 clay products. The prairie province industry, 

 which draws its raw material from deposits just 

 over the border in Saskatchewan, is an aggressive 

 concern which has forged ahead until, according 

 to the claims of its management, it accounts for 

 seventy-five per cent, of the Dominion output. 

 Supplying the western provinces it has also 

 successfully penetrated the east and finds a mar- 

 ket in Ontario points, giving a good account of 



itself in competition with the imported article. 

 Its products have also found a market in the 

 United States. 



The increase in Canadian clay products pro- 

 duction exhibits the movement to meet domestic 

 needs in this regard, but the still enormous im- 

 portations of these same products point out 

 clearly the wide field still left for expansion in 

 this industry, which has all the aid required in 

 the Dominion's wealth of various clays. 



Copper in Canada 



Canada has many and valuable known copper 

 deposits which in their present purely partial 

 state of development are already accounting 

 for four per cent, of the world's copper produc- 

 tion. Native copper occurs in Canada in a num- 

 ber of different localities, widely spread over the 

 Dominion. It has been found to occur in 

 the Maritime Provinces on both sides of the 

 Bay of Fundy;it is known to occur in Ontario 

 along the east coast of Lake Superior; it 

 has been found in Central British Columbia; 

 and in Quebec, especially in the Eastern Town- 

 ships, numerous occurrences of copper sulphide 

 minerals have been discovered. More recent 

 explorations have confirmed old information of 

 important deposits along the Arctic coasts of 

 Canada near Coronation Gulf and Victoria 

 Land. None of these deposits are being ex- 

 ploited commercially. 



Copper at the present time is derived in 

 Canada from the Eastern Townships of Quebec, 

 from Sudbury and Cobalt disiricts of Ontario, 

 from the Mandy Mine of Northern Manitoba, 

 from the Whitehorse district of the Yukon and 

 from many mines in British Columbia. Smelt- 

 ing is engaged in by the Consolidated Mining 

 and Smelting Company of Trail, B. C., the 

 Canada Copper Corporation of Copper Cliff, 

 Ont., and the Granby Consolidated Mining, 

 Smelting and Power Company of Vancouver, 

 B.C. The smelter at Trail produces refined 

 copper also and also treats in its refinery blister 

 copper from the other smelters. 



Total Production for 1920 



The total production of copper in Canada in 

 1920 amounted to 81,155,360 pounds valued at 

 S14.166.479, as against 75,053,581 pounds valued 

 at $14,028,265, in 1919. The 1918 production 

 of 118,769,434 pounds, obtained under war 

 demand and stimulus, was the highest on record. 

 Of the total 1920 production 63,395,830 pounds 

 were contained in blister copper and in matte 

 produced in Canada, part of which was refined 

 at Trail, B.C., and Port Colborne, Ont., the bal- 

 ance being exported for refining, and 17,714,764 

 pounds estimated as recovered from ores exported 

 to United States smelters. 



The total production of refined copper in 

 1920 was 2,620 tons, practically all produced at 

 the electrolytic refinery of the Consolidated 



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