and more energetic Western territory. Whilst 

 instigated by a common loyalty to the Dominion 

 and mutually striving for the same national ends, 

 there exists a subtle difference in their modes of 

 action and in the opinion as to the most effective 

 manner of attaining the objects both are working 

 for. And so each moves forward in its own 

 method of progression. 



West of the Great Lakes the various provinces 

 in most matters have a feeling of constituting 

 in most respects one territory, united in the man- 

 ner of their composition, populated by a people 

 with a common lot, moved by the same ideas, 

 actuated by the same motives and impulses 

 because their circumstances are similar. For 

 this reason, and because still being in the mould- 

 ing process they are more plastic, they find it less 

 difficult to co-operate in matters affecting the 

 good of their own territories and the entire 

 country. 



An example of this has been the standardi- 

 zation of elementary education throughout the 

 West. Education in Canada is a matter of 

 provincial jurisdiction and the various provinces 

 on entering Confederation formulated their own 

 systems and established their own policies. 

 Each of the Western Provinces, in its own way, 

 moved along what it considered the most pro- 

 gressive lines and, beset by the many difficulties 

 and problems inevitable to a state of evolution 

 and development, established systems which 

 made Western Canadian education second to 

 none on earth. 



Education now Standardized 



These systems in the different provinces, 

 whilst similar in most aspects, differed sufficiently 

 in important details to preclude any extensive 

 interchange or co-operation. Teachers qualified 

 in one province could not readily move into 

 another but were under the necessity of taking 

 the provincial examination before practicing 

 their profession. The children of settlers mov- 

 ing from one part of the West to another found 

 it somewhat of a handicap to adopt new methods 

 and fresh textbooks. 



As a result of a series of educational con- 

 ferences between the Departments of Education 

 of the four Western Provinces of Manitoba, 

 Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, 

 elementary education is now largely standardized 

 throughout this territory, and as far as teachers, 

 children and their parents are concerned, that 

 vast area west of the Great Lakes to the Pacific 

 constitutes one educational province. In the 

 different provinces the requirements for entry 

 to Normal School have been made the same and 

 the training given in these establishments is 

 largely standardized. The qualifications of the 

 teachers are very similar and consequently their 

 certificates have been adjudged of equal value, so 

 that teachers may move with facility from one 



province to another. Furthermore, there is a 

 certain uniformity in text books which is yearly 

 being widened to embrace a wider compass. 



Nothing has been spared in Western Canada 

 to give the child, particularly the boy and girl 

 of the farm, the utmost education can offer, and 

 it is the proud boast of this territory that nor 

 only are the elementary facilities within the 

 reach of every child but a university educatior 

 within his grasp. The Western Canadian pi 

 inces, in recognizing they have a common work 

 to perform, have united for the achievement of 

 many objects, and in the standardization of 

 educational ideals have seized a propitious lime 

 to band themselves together for a purpose the 

 enormous benefit of which only the future wil 

 fully reveal. 



Canada's Markets for Live Stock 



Compiled by J. Dougall, General Agricultural 

 Agent, C.P.R., Montreal 



The live question at the moment as applied to Canadian 

 agriculture is markets. We have had a season's experience 

 that very few who have been engaged in the industry have 

 experienced before. 



Our markets to the South (United States) have been 

 very materially reduced by the action of the Fordney 

 Tariff, with the result that the Canadian farmer has had 

 to take losses on his products and especially on live stock. 



Early in the summer a committee of the United Grain 

 Growers yisited the United Kingdom and after careful 

 investigation decided to make some shipments of live cattle 

 and attempt to pool their shipments. This, with the ship- 

 ments exported by H. P. Kennedy of Toronto, Ontario, 

 made up nearly all the exported cattle. The results, while 

 they had the effect of keeping the Canadian prices up, 

 were not what can be said to have been satisfactory. In 

 some cases the cattle received a poor reception owing to the 

 markets at Birkenhead being flooded with Irish and other 

 cattle and on the whole the outcome has not been en- 

 couraging. 



What are we to do then ? Some method of marketing 

 Canadian farm products must be found. As applied to 

 cattle, there are two ways open. We must either ship our 

 cattle out as live cattle and take what we can get for them, 

 or ship them as chilled meat and get them to the English 

 market on a fresh meat basis by killing on the Atlantic 

 coast. The objection to the chilled meat trade in the 

 summer of 1921 was that it was not bringing a price that 

 would encourage shipments; since that time, however, 

 the price of chilled meat has come up and the price of fresh 

 killing dropped until the chilled product has now reached 

 the price of fresh killed and somewhat better. 



There is no doubt there is a market in Great Britain 

 for our farm products, but they must be put on the market, 

 which is highly competitive, in good condition and with 

 as little overhead as possible. 



The way out seems to be that we will have to follow the 

 lead of the Governments of New Zealand and Australia 

 and ship our products co-operatively. 



It is not possible for the average farmer himself to ship 

 for export. He must either use the speculator or co- 

 operation, and sell on a pool basis so that he may get the 

 average for a given period; if he ships only one carload he 

 may find himself against a poor market. 



It is to be hoped that something will be done during 

 this winter that will put our export markets on a sound 

 basis. 



