urgently needed in the best interests of the in- 

 dustry. 



The tree is cultivated in Europe on a com- 

 mercial scale, and it is possible that, as a side line 

 to other crops, it might be made to pay well in 

 British Columbia. By growing seedlings from 

 the berries in small garden plots and transplant- 

 ing them at the age of two years under a limited 

 amount of orchard shade, the industry may be 

 centralized at suitable locations, thus over- 

 coming the commercial handicap due to the 

 scattered distribution of the tree by nature in 

 places inaccessible to transportation. 



The pre-war selling price of cascara was $110 

 per ton; in 1919 this had risen to"$220 per ton, 

 and in 1920 it fell to $200. To-day prices are 

 distinctly firm and rising, as must necessarily be 

 the case when the demand is large and the supply 

 rapidly falling off. 



Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry 



The pulp and paper industry is rightly regarded as one 

 of the most important of Canadian manufacturing in- 

 dustries, this being strikingly demonstrated by the figures 

 for its operation during 1920, just issued by the Dominion 

 Bureau of Statistics. The total capital investment is 

 given as $347,553,333, of which $221,472,538 is in pulp and 

 paper mills, $103,659,445 in pulp mills, and $22,421,350 in 

 exclusively paper mills. This, it may be added, was con- 

 siderably increased during the early months of 1921. 



The total number of all mills is returned as 100, Que- 

 bec leading with 46, Ontario next with 37, the other pro- 

 inces being represented as follows: British Columbia 6; 

 Nova Scotia 6 and New Brunswick 5. Both as respects 

 the number of mills and the capital investment, Quebec is 

 the centre of the industry, the investment in that province 

 being given as $176,347,339. It has also the largest 

 number of employees; the investment in other provinces 

 was: Ontario $109,169,597; Bricish Columbia $36,781,030; 

 New Brunswick $19,306,351; Nova Scotia, $5,948,012. In 

 the last two provinces, the investment is wholly in pulp 

 mills. 



Quebec has the largest number of pulp mills, 18; On- 

 tario has 7; Nova Scotia 6; New Brunswick 5, and British 

 Columbia 4. Ontario with 17 has the largest number of 

 paper mills, all the others, 16, being in Quebec. Ontario 

 has 13 combined pulp and papers, and Quebec 12, while 

 British Columbia has 2. 



The combined output of the pulp and paper mills 

 during 1920 was valued at $278,192,000, of which $141,- 

 552,000 was in woodpulp and $136,639,000 in paper. In 

 the value of products, Quebec led with a total of $131,822,- 

 753; Ontario is credited with $113,415,866, and British 

 Columbia with $27,221,721. 



Total Production of Woodpulp 



The total production of woodpulp in 1920 was 1,960,- 

 102 tons, of which 1,201,881 was for use in Canada, valued 

 at $63,771.247, and 758,221 tons were for export, the value 

 of the latter being $77,781,615. Quebec produced 974,- 

 766 tons, valued at $69,335,298, forty-five per cent of 

 which was for export. Ontario produced 654,401 tons, 

 valued at $46,778,397, of which only about 30 per cent, 

 was for export. British Columbia's production was 2 18,- 

 !2 tons, valued at $12,710,716, a third of which was for 

 export. New Brunswick's production was 89,069 tons, 

 valued at $11,664,000, all but 6,700 tons being for other 

 countries. 



In the production of all paper products Ontario led 

 with a total value of $66,647,469, which represented 551,- 

 231 tons; Quebec came second with 485,705 tons, valued 

 at $62,487,455; British Columbia's production of paper was 



147,289 tons, valued at $14,505,007. To these three pro- 

 vinces the production of paper was practically confined. 



In respect to newsprint production, Ontario held first 

 place in 1920 with 380,943 tons, valued at $32,677,706; 

 Quebec was second with 358,185 tons, valued at $35,889,- 

 425, the higher price secured for the smaller production 

 being, doubtless, due to better contracts. British Colum- 

 bia's production was 136,568 tons, valued at $12,298,140. 



In addition to her production of newsprint, Ontario 

 produced in 1920, $12,586,361 of writing paper; $3,012,- 

 197 of wrapping; $7,248,399 of boards, and $4,122,- 

 800 of other paper products. Quebec's output of these 

 was: writing paper $9,282,446; wrapping paper $7, 740,947; 

 boards $5,656,263; other paper products $3,918,374. The 

 total value for all Canada of the different classes of paper 

 products was: newsprint 875,696 tons, at $80,656,271; 

 writing paper, 73,196 tons.at $21,868,807; wrapping 77,292 

 tons, at $12,161,303; boards 158,041 tons, at $12,904,062. 



Employees and Wages 



The number of employees in 1920 was 31,298, and the 

 wages and salaries paid were $45,253,898. Quebec had by 

 far the largest number of workmen; 16,223, who drew $21,- 

 305,463 in wages; Ontario had 10,071, who drew $16,151,- 

 737; British Columbia 3,015, who drew $5,617,123; New 

 Brunswick 1,458, who drew $1,846,775; while Nova Scotia 

 mills employed but 528, with a wage bill of $332,795. Of 

 the total number of employees, 19,108 were in pulp and 

 paper mills. 



It is interesting to note that the total quantity of wood 

 used in the industry during 1920 was 2,777,422 cords, of 

 which 1,873,024 cords were spruce, the total cost of all wood 

 at the mill being $45,404,889. Quebec was the heaviest 

 user with 1,333,815 cords, Ontario coming next with 942,- 

 672 cords. Next to spruce, balsam of fir was most used, 

 hemlock, pine and poplar following in the order mentioned. 



The pulp and paper industry is a striking example of 

 the use of electrical energy. Of the 616,000 horse power 

 actually used in the various mills of all Canada, no less 

 than 455,000 was supplied either by hydraulic turbines, 

 or by electrical motors, the former being credited with 

 269,22 1 horse power, the latter with 185,905. Quebec with 

 231,061 h.p. actually used in 1920, was the largest user of 

 electrical energy, Ontario coming next with 139,373 h.p. 

 It is worthy of note that of Quebec's 231,061 h.p. in actual 

 use, 148,138 was actually supplied by hydraulic turbines. 



As an indication of the rapid growth of this industry it 

 may be pointed out that in 1917 the capital investment was 

 only $178,383,000, or about 50 per cent, of what it was 

 three years later. At that time the number of employees 

 was only 19,814, or about 17,500 below the 1920 figures. 



Flour Milling Industry 



Though it is gratifying to Canadians to 

 learn that the Dominion has attained second 

 place as a wheat producer among the wheat 

 growing countries of the world with a production 

 last season of approximately 329,835,300 bushels, 

 a yet more pleasing feature is the fact that the 

 tributary industry of grain milling maintains 

 its premier place among Canadian manufacturing 

 activities and that, making due allowance for the 

 extraordinary demands for Canadian flour dur- 

 ing the war period, the state of the export trade 

 at the present time is in a satisfactory condition. 



The rendering of so much of the Canadian 

 wheat crop into flour before it leaves the country 

 makes for greatly increased industrial activity 

 and employment as well as greater crop revenue, 

 phases which are also reflected in the export 

 of the finished product. It is stated that at the 

 present time only about one-tenth of the Cana- 



49 



