dian wheat crop is ground into flour in the Domi- 

 nion, which suggests at once the possibilities of 

 the expansion of the industry. 



Judged by the value of production, the flour 

 milling industry ranks first among Canada's 

 manufacturing activities though it assumes only 

 seventh place in the amount of capital invested. 

 At the industrial census of 1919, it was discov- 

 ered that there were in Canada 1,255 flour mills 

 with a daily capacity of 141,288 barrels. The 

 total amount of capital invested in these plants 

 was $76,411,423; 7,371 persons found employ- 

 ment in their activities and were paid $8,083,- 

 270. The total selling value of products was 

 $262,763,392, wheat flour accounting for about 

 three quarters of the total amount. Of the mills 

 588 were in Ontario, 428 in Quebec, 49 in Alberta, 

 47 in Saskatchewan, 42 in New Brunswick, 38 

 each in Nova Scotia and Manitoba, 21 in Prince 

 Edward Island and 4 in British Columbia. Since 

 this census was taken there has been a not in- 

 considerable expansion of plants and capacity, 

 so that these figures at the present time are sub- 

 ject to some elaboration. 



The Domestic and Export Market 



Though the annual capacity of Canadian 

 flour mills is about 30,000,000 barrels of flour 

 of all kinds, the domestic market consumes only 

 about 8,000,000 barrels. The remainder is avail- 

 able for export and annually finds its way to, 

 almost without exception, every country of the 

 globe. The export trade in wheat flour is con- 

 siderably augmented at the present time by 

 reason of the wide favor it obtained during the 

 war period, and though the exceedingly high de- 

 mands of the years of hostilities have largely fall- 

 en off, export figures remain in great excess over 

 pre-war figures and the expectation of exporters 

 is that further increases will be noted in the 

 future. 



In the year 1909, exports of wheat flour from 

 Canada totalled 1,738,038 barrels. In the follow- 

 ing year they were 3,064,028 and steadily 

 increased thereafter until reaching a total of 

 4,832,183 barrels in 1914. The increase was ab- 

 normal during the years of the war, reaching an 

 aggregate of 9,931,148 barrels in 1918. A de- 

 cline has been evidenced since that time. In 

 1920 exports totalled 8,863,068 barrels and in 

 1921, 6,017,032 barrels. 



It is the general opinion that the inevitable 

 falling off is at an end, the present satisfactory 

 volume of exports more or less staple, and an 

 increase in export figures to be looked for in the 

 immediate future. 



Quebec's Maple Sugar Industry 



An industry which was not a war activity from any 

 viewpoint but which the war stimulated and to which it 

 pve increasing importance, was the peculiarly Canadian 

 industry of the maple sugar manufacture. So limited is 

 the area on the North American continent in which the 



sugar'maple flourishes that, previous to the war, vast sec- 

 tions of people on the other side of the Atlantic had never 

 heard of maple sugar nor tasted this succulent dainty. The 

 supplies sent over periodically to the Canadian army ad- 

 vertised it broadcast in a more effective manner than a 

 studied and systematic campaign would have done and 

 created a widespread demand for the product. This 

 in turn administered a stimulus to the manufacturing 

 industry such as it had never previously experienced ana 

 taxed the capacities of manufacturers to fill. 



The maple sugar industry of Canada is confined to the 

 provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New 

 Brunswick. Quebec is by far the heaviest producer with 

 about 60,000 farmers engaged in the industry and account- 

 ing for seventy per cent of the Dominion output. Quebec 

 is pre-eminently the maple sugar area of the continent. 

 Only small amounts are produced in the other province! 

 whereas in Quebec the manufacture is an important in- 

 dustry, becoming more and more commercialized each 

 year, and its importance is duly recognized by the provin- 

 cia 1 government which has framed legislation for its en- 

 couragement and protection. This recognition on the part 

 of the government of the great possibilities of an export 

 trade has resulted in a resumption in production on a sub- 

 stantial scale after the manufacture had signally declined, 

 and more sugar and syrup is being produced now than ever 

 in the history of Quebec. 



Steadily Increasing Production 





The earliest records of production show that in the 

 decade 1851-1861 the average yearly output of maple 

 sugar was about 13,500 pounds. From 1861 to 1871 it in- 

 creased to about 17,500 pounds annually. A further in- 

 crease was noted in the following decade, 1871 to 1881, 

 when about 19,000 pounds per year were produced; and 

 the zenith was reached between 1881 and 1891, when an 

 average output of about 22,500 pounds per year was 

 achieved. During the following ten years the yearly 

 production fell to a little less than 20,000 pounds. Then the 

 Government took the matter in hand, introduced modern 

 methods, established schools for teaching these methods, and 

 appointed inspectors to devote their time to visiting the 

 maple sugar farms and assist the farmers with expert 

 advice. 



The result has been the establishment in Quebec prov- 

 ince of the maple sugar industry on a firm commercial basis, 

 its importance as such recognized and its various interests 

 protected. Production is again steadily increasing and 

 figures now surpass anything before recorded. In the 

 past three years the output has increased threefold, and in 

 1921 Quebec's maple sugar output amounted to 30,000,- 

 000 pounds valued at approximately $7,000,000. The in- 

 dustry is now one of some magnitude in which are engaged 

 up-to-date business firms of initiative, bringing to it all 

 the science of modern enterprise. 



The increasing interest in, and demand for, maple pro- 

 ducts from points outside Canada is clearly indicated in 

 rising export figures. In 1914, 1,925,343 pounds of maple 

 sugar were exported from Canada, which had increased to 

 2,807,252 pounds by 1917 and to 3,551,789 pounds by 1918. 

 Exports of maple syrup increased from 5,205 gallons in 

 1914 to 11,294 gallons in 1917. The effects of war adver- 

 tising, which resulted in a strong European demand, it 

 evidenced in more recent figures. Exports of maple sugar 

 jumped from 4,005,124 pounds worth $1,121,959 in 1920 

 to 7,999,233 pounds worth $1,962,258 in 1921; and those 

 of maple syrup from 9,270 gallons worth $20,669 in 1920 

 to 11,254 gallons valued at $31,767 in 1921. 



Monopoly of the Export Trade 



There is no reason for doubting that this increase in 

 production will continue for the demand for maple products 

 is bound to increase and Canada has a virtual monopoly of 

 the industry, certainly of the export trade. And the oppor- 

 tunities for expanding the industry embrace a wide scope. 

 Even at the present substantial rate of production it i 

 estimated that not one half of the available sugar maple 

 trees of Quebec province are made productive. It must 



