at the twin ports in a single year aggregates 

 nearly 400,000,000 bushels. 



One of Canada's two grain sample markets 

 is located at the Canadian head of the Great 

 Lakes. This market is destined to steadily 

 increase its prestige and volume of trade, especi- 

 ally after the advent of more elevators and flour 

 mills, both of which are assured. The location 

 is an admirable one for milling there being cheap 

 power, a vast amount of grain always in storage, 

 and unsurpassed transportation facilities to 

 Canadian, eastern and central United States 

 and the European markets. 



Apart from their importance as lake ports, 

 the twin cities are exhibiting a steady industrial 

 growth which has been especially marked in 

 recent years. In Fort William industrial capi- 

 tal invested increased from seven and a half 

 million dollars in 1917 to nearly nineteen millions 

 in 1919. Its annual production in the latter 

 year was $15,500,000. In Port Arthur indus- 

 trial capital in the same period increased from 

 eight and a half millions to eleven millions and 

 its 1919 output of manufactures was in excess of 

 seven and a half million dollars. Among tiie 

 industries flour milling, car and foundry, stoves, 

 bricks, starch and syrup, steel and wooden ships 

 are important. Fort William is the greatest 

 coal handling centre in Canada and Port Arthur 

 'has one of the largest ship-building plants in 

 the Dominion. 



Steadily growing in Industrial Importance 



Hemmed in by areas containing many rich 

 natural resources in considerable volume, as well 

 as possessing facilities of other kinds, the two 

 cities face an assured future of industrial impor- 

 tance. In the territory directly tributary are 

 found gold, silver, copper, iron, molybdenite, and 

 pyrites, which in the main are undeveloped. 

 They are in the centre of a large pulpwood area 

 and Thunder Bay affords a safe and in all ways 

 an admirable site for pulp and paper mills. 

 Port Arthur has water falls in its vicinity capable 

 of developing 300,000 horse-power of electrical 

 energy 50,000 horse-power of which have already 

 been developed with an additional 72,000 h.p. 

 under development. Fort William has 45,000 

 h.p. developed with 100,000 h.p. yet available. 



The cities of Port Arthur and Fort William 

 are modern and progressive in every respect 

 and furnish every convenience and facility to 

 businessman, ordinary resident and tourist. The 

 territory about them is growing in popularity 

 each year and is destined to become a great 

 touring and camping ground, and is already 

 interspersed with fine auto roads. In more than 

 one respect are the Twin Ports a gateway, letting 

 the produce of the great west into the east and 

 the tourist into the land of mountains, hills, 

 forests, lakes and streams. 



Labour in Canada 



Prepared by the Dominion Department of Labour as part of the. 

 pamphlet "Canada as a Field for British Industries" issued by the Com- 

 mercial Intelligence Service of the Department of Trade and Commerce.- 



To appreciate fully the status and condition of labour 

 in Canada, one must consider the extraordinary influences 

 which bear directly upon it, and which find no exact 

 parallel elsewhere. A new country, as yet scarcely 

 developed, covering the prodigious area of 3,729,000 sc.uare 

 miles, populated by approximately 9,000,000 people, and 

 subject to a wide variation of temperature and climatic 

 conditions, cannot fail to evolve problems peculiarly its 

 own in respect of industrial labour and the economic 

 problems deriving therefrom. The basic factors directly 

 affecting the labour problem are: the geographical aspect 

 of Canada, its climate, the proximity of an older and far 

 more developed nationality to the south, and the constant 

 flow of European immigration. 



Geographically, the Dominion is divided into well- 

 marked eastern and western areas, at approximately the 

 Ontario-Manitoba border. More specifically, however, 

 the four great divisions must be considered. The first 

 is the Atlantic area, comprising the Maritime Provinces 

 and lower puebec; the second, the great inland industrial 

 area extending from Quebec City to the border and thence 

 to the head if Lake Erie; the third, the prairie country, 

 or wheat belt of Western Canada, from Winnipeg to the 

 foothills of the Rockies; and the fourth, the Pacific Slope. 



With the exception of a strip of rugged and uncultivated 

 country running north fjrom lake Superior, and of course 

 the Rocky mountains, all these districts impinge upon 

 each other and there is no break in the continuity of 

 industrial or agricultural life. It is necessary to appreciate 

 these zones and the distinctive economic and industrial 

 entity of each to fully realize the tremendous influence of 

 the geographic factor on Canadian labour. 



The Atlantic area (that is to say the Maritime Pro- 

 vinces and lower Quebec) is not very densely populated 

 and is largely agricultural. Little industry other than 

 coast fishing, canning, lumbering, and (in Nova Scotia), 

 steel and coal exists except in a limited way in certain of 

 the more important cities. The labour supply is conserva- 

 tive, low priced by comparison with the inland areas, and 

 ample for existing requirements. 



The Main Industrial Area 



The main industrial area of Canada is south-western 

 Quebec and southern Ontario. Eastern Quebec is almost 

 wholly agricultural and the northern districts are chiefly 

 concerned with lumbering. Quebec is populated largely 

 by descendants of the early settlers of New France. They 

 form a race within a race, differing in language and religion 

 from the rest of Canada. In consequence, bilingualism 

 obtains throughput the province, both in regard to edu- 

 cation and legislation. In temperament the French- 

 Canadian is thrifty and little inclined to engage in strikes. 

 For these reasons, and also because of the conservative 

 and powerful influence of the Roman Catholic church, 

 labour in Quebec is perhaps more stable and certainly 

 cheaper than elsewhere in Canada. 



The other half of the main industrial area, southern 

 Ontario, is the most Americanized section of the whole 

 Dominion, by reason of the establishment of many United 

 States branch factories or subsidiaries, and the use of a 

 waterway common to both countries. Here labour is 

 abundant, more effected by United States influence, and 

 generally rather higher in cost than in Quebec. 



The Prairie Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and 

 Alberta are almost wholly agricultural, and to a large extent 

 populated by immigrant labourers and farmers. The 

 development of water-power near Winnipeg and Calgary, 

 however, is likely to result in increased industry. 



The Pacific Slope 



The Pacific Slope, centring on the cities of Vancouver 

 and Victoria, is industrially of great and growing impor- 



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