tance because of the immense power sources and the proxi- 

 mity of the Oriental and Australasian markets. In British 

 Columbia a supply of cheap Hindoo and Japanese labour 

 was at one time important, but is becoming less so because 

 of more stringent immigration regulations. White labour, 

 however, is more highly paid in British Columbia than 

 elsewhere in Canada, chiefly because of higher living costs. 

 It is evident from a glance at the map that the primary 

 development of Canada is inevitably along its southern 

 border, because of (a) the difficulty of access to, and the 

 climatic conditions of the northern districts; (b) the re- 

 markable system of waterways from the Great Lakes to the 

 Atlantic; and (c) the attraction of United States industries 

 and markets. Virtually, Canadian activity is pressed 

 against the United States border, and to this fact is due 

 that country's great influence upon the labour situation. 

 One in race, language and ideals, it is inevitable that that 

 older civilization should exert a marked effect both in- 

 dustrially and, as respects labour, economically, upon the 

 younger. No more striking proof is to be found of this 

 fact than in Canadian trade unionism, upon which the 

 influence of the older organizations is very great. 



Immigration 



A factor of obvious importance in the Canadian labour 

 market is immigration. It is not necessary to cite here 

 immigration figures or statistics; it is sufficient to say that 

 in normal times immigration more than met the demands 

 of growing industry. 



The original impetus was given to immigration a few 

 years after Confederation, when the Canadian Pacific 

 Railway built the first railway line across the continent. 

 From that date immigration steadily increased until the 

 war period, when, of course, it was reduced to its lowest 

 point. Were the figures available it would probably be 

 found that a very great percentage of both Canadian and 

 United States immigration is sympathetic in character; in 

 many cases prepaid tickets are forwarded to their families 

 and relations by the original settlers who have found their 

 opportunities in this new world. 



The Canadian Government and the Canadian Pacific 

 Railway directly encouraged two classes of immigrants, 

 the agricultural labourer and the domsetic. However, an 

 examination of statistics from 1904 to 1920 shows that 

 industrial workers, that is to say, labourers, mechanics, 

 artisans and machinists, constituted about forty per cent 

 of the total male immigration. 



The Alien Labour Act, a retaliatory measure directed 

 against countries having similar legislation against Canada, 

 prohibits the importation of contract labour, with certain 

 exceptions as to family, specialized trades and so on. This 

 Act does not, of course, operate against the United King- 

 dom. 



In the Prairie Provinces large numbers of families of 

 prosperous farmers have been established for many years, 

 and the population of the country is being continually 

 added to by immigration. While as yet activities of these 

 provinces are chiefly agricultural, the development of the 

 industries is dealt conservatively with the demand created 

 by increased settlement. 



Many parts of these provinces are rich in natural 

 deposits of industrial raw materials. Without doubt in 

 the future there will be a gradual tendency for the centres 

 of industrial activity to move west with the development 

 of these resources. 



Every one a Mac 



Newcomers of the spring included a party of 

 thirteen stalwarts from the Hebrides which 

 arrived in Canada on the Canadian Pacific liner 

 "Tunisian." On the arrival of the vessel at St 

 John a reporter seeing a friend aboard called up 

 "Hullo Mac,'" and every one of the party 

 looked down over the rail. They were all Macs 



three McLeans, three McDonalds, two Mc- 

 Kenzies, two McTavishes, a McPherson, a 

 Mclntyre, and a Mclntosh. To accentuate the 

 Scotch flavor the priest who brought the party 

 out from Scotland was Father McDonnell and 

 they were all met on arrival and escorted to the 

 dock by the Canadian Pacific's colonization 

 agent Andrew McDuff. Ensued a meeting of 

 the clans with the air foggy with Gaelic. 



They were a handsome lot, all single men 

 under thirty, strong and healthy and hand- 

 picked for their qualities, all bent on tearing up 

 more Canadian soil. They created considerabli 

 attention in the vicinity of Windsor Station 

 their arrival in Montreal for all are near the si> 

 foot mark and some over it and their chests and 

 shoulders are built in proportion. Every one is 

 a veteran of the Imperial Army and several 

 wear decorations won in the late war. Best of 

 all they are only the forerunners of one hundred 

 and fifty Scottish crofters coming to Canada 

 this summer to transfer their farming activities 

 to Canadian soil. And every one is a Mac. 



First Immigration Party 



The party is the first to be brought out to 

 Canada this summer from Northern Scotland 

 by Father McDonnell who is the instigator of 

 the movement and is acting as special coloniza- 

 tion agent in that territory for the Canadian 

 Pacific Railway. Father McDonnell is himself 

 a war veteran having been the chaplain to the 

 Canadian Twelfth Brigade with whom he won 

 the Military Cross. With the help and sym- 

 pathy of Bishop Fallen he has established a 

 large farm at Chatham, Ontario, which acts as a 

 clearing centre for the young immigrants from 

 which they are placed on farms. All the young 

 huskies of this party will go to places waiting 

 for them on Western Ontario farms. 



Father McDonnell is doing a splendid and 

 valuable work in organizing and conducting thsee 

 parties to the Dominion for they are all crofters 

 experienced in agriculture in the arduous 

 conditions of Northern Scotland, forming the 

 ideal type of settlers for Canadian agricultural 

 lands. It is expected that the movement will 

 result in the transfer of some hundreds of these 

 hale farmers and their families from their small 

 holdings to expansive Canadian farms. So far 

 all the new arrivals have been men, and young 

 men, but as one of them said naively in Montreal, 

 "We're no' married yet but later on we'll write 

 for the lassies to come and join us." 



A Western University 



The wide scope of the work which Western Canadian 

 universities have undertaken in recognition of the place 

 they fill in Canadian national life and the field of provincial 

 endeavor is admirably illustrated in a survey of the annual 

 report of the University of Alberta at Edmonton. The 

 provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created only 

 in 1905 and their universities came into existence years 

 afterwards, but already these have won for themselves 



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