as part of their crop, sometimes to the extent of 

 an acre per farm. In order to extract the oil 

 which they utilize for cooking purposes and for 

 confections, they employ a special hand-made 

 tool, which they originally brought from Europe 

 for the purpose. With this oil, their menu 

 includes cakes, pies, candies and sandwiches. 



Method of Utilization 



Bun dough is used when cake or pie is required, 

 The crushed seed is mixed with honey and the 

 raw dough left to stand for half an hour; then, 

 in a moderate oven, the moisture is left to bake 

 until the top becomes brown. 



To make candy, the crushed seed is mixed 

 with honey and nuts and boiled ; it is then spread 

 on a clean, wet board, pressed to the required 

 thinness, cooled and cut into squares. The 

 white-seeded or black-seeded varieties are used 

 for oil pressing, but when the production of oil is 

 the principal object of culture, the black seed is 

 usually preferred. The quantities of oil yielded 

 by both varieties and the proportion they 

 contain (from 50 to 60%) are the same. By 

 cold pressing, seeds of fine quality yield from 

 30 to 40% of virgin or white oil, a transparent 

 liquid fluid with a slight yellowish tinge, pleasant 

 to the taste and with no perceptible odor. On 

 a second pressure with the aid of heat, an addi- 

 tional 20 to 25% of inferior oil is obtained, red- 

 dish in color but possessed of a biting taste and 

 a linseed-like smell. The oil belongs to the 

 linoleic or drying series, having as its principal 

 constituent linolein, and contains greater drying 

 power than raw linseed oil. 



Medium for Artistic Oil Painting 



Poppy oil is a valuable and much used 

 medium for artistic oil painting. The finer 

 qualities are used in the north of France and 

 Germany as a salad oil and for adulterating olive 

 oil; inferior qualities are employed in soap and 

 varnish manufacture, for lamps and in oleaginous 

 cakes as food for the poor. 



When the Empire Press toured Canada in 

 1920, each member carried away with him from 

 Lake Louise a small packet of Iceland seeds, and 

 a packet was sent to Princess Louise (now the 

 Dowager Duchess of Argyll), after whom the 

 lake was named. Later, the Duchess wrote, at 

 the request of Queen Mary, for a packet, so 

 that it was presumed she had secured satisfac- 

 tory results from those originally sent to her. 



Canada's Transportation Facilities 



Proportionately, more attention has been given to 

 railway and canal construction in Canada than in any 

 other country in the world. "No specific enterprise has 

 done more to develop a country," says a Canadian Govern- 

 ment pamphlet, "than did the Canadian Pacific Railway 

 when it built the first great transcontinental line. Since 



that tim;, railway mileage has rapidly increased, and to-day 

 the Dominion is, in relation to the density of its population, 

 remarkably well supplied with transportation facilities. 



From the completion of the transcontinental line of 

 the Canadian Pacific in 1886, there has been, until recently, 

 no cessation in the construction of new lines. The mam 

 line of the Canadian Pacific Railway extends from coast 

 to coast; from the winter ports of the Company's Atlantic 

 steamships in the Maritime Provinces, it runs westward 

 to Montreal, passing en route through the State of Maine. 

 From Quebec and Montreal, the summer ports of the 

 St. Lawrence trans-Atlantic route, Canadian Pacific main 

 lines run westward to Winnipeg by two routes, one through 

 Toronto and the other through Ottawa and Sudbury. 

 The former offers an alternative, part water route via the 

 Great Lakes, Port McNichol to Fort William, and is much 

 frequented during the summer months. At 8.00 o'clock 

 every morning, thirty-six transcontinental trains of the 

 Canadian Pacific are crossing the continent, while at the 

 same time thirty-six or more dining cars are serving 

 breakfast. These trains include the famous "Trans- 

 Canada," which makes the journey from Montreal to 

 Vancouver, a distance of 2,885 miles, in the record time 

 of 92 hours. 



Across the Prairie Provinces 



From Winnipeg, the line runs almost straight across 

 the Prairie Provinces, through Regina to Medicine Hat, 

 through the great grain-growing district, whance it turns 

 in a north-west direction to Calgary and across the Rockies 

 to the Pacific terminus of Vancouver. A network of 

 branch lines covers tha industrial areas of Quebec and 

 Ontario and the agricultural districts of the Prairie 

 Provinces. Other branch lines extend into north-western 

 Alberta and the Peace River country. At important 

 junctions along the border, the Canadian Pacific links up 

 with United States systems. The total mileage owned 

 and operated by the system is 19,882, the main line from 

 Montreal to Vancouver being 2,894 miles long. 



Practically all other railways in Canada are owned by 

 the Government, the last acquisition being the Grand 

 Trunk, which was taken over as a result of the recommen- 

 dation of a commission appointed to investigate its finan- 

 cial standing. In brief, the reasons for the acquisition of 

 this railroad by the Canadian Government were the 

 difficulties in which the said railroad was involved; the 

 liabilities resting on both Federal and Provincial Govern- 

 ments by reasons of financial guarantees; and the desira- 

 bility of eliminating needless duplication of lines, etc. 



The main line of the Grand Trunk runs between 

 Montreal and Chicago with many branches covering 

 Ontario. Its subsidiary, the Grand Trunk Pacific, connects 

 Winnipeg with the Pacific coast. The Trans-continental, 

 the Canadian Northern, the Intercolonial and a number 

 of less important railways, now considered together as the 

 Canadian National Railways, constitute the balance of 

 the Government-owned lines, making a total of 22,230, 

 including the Grand Trunk. 



The total railway construction in Canada at the time 

 of Confederation was some 2,300 miles; by 1897 it had 

 increased to some 17,000, and in 1919 there was about 

 40,000, not including sidings or double-trackings. Since 

 1901 the total number of passengers carried has increased 

 from eighteen to fifty millions and freight from thirty-six 

 million tons to one hundred and twenty-seven million 

 tons, which may be taken as a fair gauge of the economic 

 expansion of the country. 



Six Canal Systems 



There are six canals systems under the control of the 

 Dominion Government, the most important of which is 

 that between Fort William and Montreal. The other 

 systems are between Montreal and the international 

 boundary near I ake Champlain; Montreal and Ottawa; 

 Ottawa and Kingston; the St. Peter's Canal from the 

 Atlantic Ocean to the Bras d'Or Lakes, Cape Breton; and 

 the incompleted canal from Trenton to Lake Huron. 



168 



