18 



Logging is conducted in different parts of the coun- 

 try at different time* of the year, on account of the 

 difference in climate, and by differing methods and ap- 

 pliances, which are controlled in large part by the size 

 of the timl>er. In the Northeastern and Lake states 

 lumbering is carried on mainly in the winter time in 

 order to take advantage of the snow upon the ground 

 for hauling the logs to the streams or railroads which 

 are the means of transportation. Felling is done mainly 

 by sawing upon the upper side, while upon the falling 

 side the tree is chopped. The logs are cut into lengths 

 by sawing. Logs are moved about in the woods prin- 

 cipally by animals, such as oxen or horses, upon roads 

 made sometimes of earth and sometimes by logs placed 

 crosswise on the ground, or by two lines of logs laid 

 lengthwise with a space between them forming a sort 

 of chute. In some cases logs are dragged on these 

 roads by wire cables operated by donkey engines. 

 The earliest logging was done in the neighborhood of 

 streams which were used as carriers. As the timber 

 in the neighborhood of the streams was exhausted and 

 operations were carried into the areas between the 

 streams, light logging railroads were built and logs 

 hauled to the streams upon them. As areas were suc- 

 cessively stripped of their timber the rails were taken 

 up and put down elsewhere. 



In the Southern pine region lumbering goes on at all 

 times of the year with little distinction of season. 

 Otherwise the methods employed are very similar to 

 those in use in the lake states. 



In the Pacific coast region logging is also carried on 

 at all times of the year. Here the comparatively great 

 size of the timber requires the use of more complicated 

 machinery than in the East, and the use of animals is 

 almost entirely given up. Here, as in the East, trees 

 are cut in part by the saw, in part by the ax, chopping 

 them on the falling side. In the fir forests of Washing- 

 ton and Oregon and in the redwood forests of Califor- 

 nia the use of donkey engines in the woods for handling 

 the logs and debris is very general, as is also the use 

 of similar engines and wire cables for dragging the logs 

 over skid or other roads to the railroad. In the more 

 open forests of yellow pine in the Sierra Nevada Moun- 

 tains traction engines are commonly used in the woods 

 and for hauling. Cranes are commonly employed 

 throughout this region for loading logs on the cars, and 

 at present, transportation of logs is done almost ex- 

 clusively by railroad, since the areas adjacent to driv- 

 able streams are nearly exhausted. 



TABLE 8. LOGGING CAMl'S AVKRAC il> PER ESTABLISH- 

 MKNT BY STATES AND TKItKITOKI KS, AND FOR THE 

 UNITED STATES: 1900. 



Table 8 gives several measures of the magnitude of the 

 loggingbusiness in the United States, and in the different 

 states and territories, individual!}'. Measured by the cap- 

 ital invested per establishment, the average of the United 

 States is exceeded in only 12 states, these states being in 

 the Lake region, the Southern pine region, and the far 

 West. The largest logging camps, whether measured by 

 the amount of capital, the number of hands employed, the 

 amount of wages paid, or the quantity and value of the 

 timber produced, are, on the average, in the state of 

 Minnesota. Here the industry is carried on upon a 

 larger scale than anywhere else. The capital invested 

 per establishment is nearly double that of Wisconsin or 

 California, whose operations are next largest. The 



