28 



ment; the number of wage earners is 106,628, or 10 

 per establishment; the amount of wages is $5,879,083, 

 or $i,497 per establishment; the cost of materials is 

 $182,012,392, or $17,839 per establishment, and the 

 gross value of products js $275,965,522, or $27,047 per 

 establishment. The cost of materials is, therefore, 66 

 per cent of the value of products, the difference be- 

 tween them, $93,953,130, being the net value of the 

 manufacture. The cost of materials is necessarily 

 much higher proportionately than in sawmills or tim- 

 ber camps, and the net value of the manufacturing 

 process proportionately less. 



The distribution of the industry differs markedly from 

 that of the lumber camps or sawmills, being influenced 

 not only by the presence of forests, but by that of large 

 bodies of population to be supplied, the latter in a far 

 higher degree than in the other branches of the indus- 

 try. Consequently, we find . that in this branch New 

 York leads, with a product exceeding 33 million dollars. 

 Next is Wisconsin, with nearly 24 millions, and Penn- 

 sylvania, with 20.6 millions. 



Table 20 shows the average capital, number of wage- 

 earners, amount of wages, cost of materials, and value 

 of product per establishment for the United States, and 

 for each state and territory. 



TABLE 2O. PLANING MILLS AVERAGES PER ESTAB- 

 LISHMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. 



TIMBER REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The country, considered in a broad way, naturally 

 separates itself into certain timber regions, as follows: 



(1) The Northeastern states, including New England, 

 New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The north- 

 ern part of this region is forested with conifers, mainly 

 white pine, spruce, and hemlock, becoming mixed in 

 the southern part with hard woods, while in southern 

 New Jersey, yellow pines are found. 



(2) The Southern states, which are characterized by 

 a broad belt of yellow pine of several species, stretching 

 from southern New Jersey, southwest and west, to 

 Texas and Indian Territory, while the lowlands on the 

 coast and the Mississippi bottoms are covered with 

 cypress, and the mountain regions are mainly covered 

 with hard woods. 



(3) The Lake states Michigan, Wisconsin, and Min- 

 nesota whose northern portions are, or were, forested 

 mainly with white pine, merging into hard woods in 

 the southern parts. 



(4) The Central states, characterized by a growth of 

 h:ird woods, with a varying admixture of conifers. 



(5) The Rocky Mountain region, where the timber 

 is in the main confined to the mountains and consists 

 almost entirely of coriifers of several species, but 

 largely of yellow pine. 



(6) The Pacific coast region, that is, those parts of 

 Washington, Oregon, and California lying west of the 

 Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada. These forests, 

 which are far the heaviest in the United States, if not 

 in the world, consist almost entirely of conifera?, the 

 prevalent tree in Washington and northern Oregon 

 being the red fir, with some cedar, spruce, and hemlock, 

 while in the southern part of the latter state yellow and 

 sugar pine appear and increase southward. In Cali- 

 fornia yellow pine is the predominating tree, with some 

 sugar pine, incense cedar, and several species of fir, and 

 with Sequoia gigantea in small groves in the southern 

 Sierra Nevada, while the redwood is found in a narrow 

 strip along the coast north of San Francisco Bay. 



TABLE 21. TIMBER LANDS OWNED BY LUMBERMEN: 

 BY STATES AND BY GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS. 



