30 



many decades, greatly reduced in quantity. In Maine 

 the holdings of lumbermen, which probably include 

 most of the remaining stand of this species, amount to 

 only a trifle more than a billion feet. In New Hamp- 

 shire the holdings reported amount to 562 millions, or 

 a little more than half of those of Maine. In Vermont 

 they are trifling, and in Massachusetts 340 millions, all 

 of which is doubtless second or third growth. The 

 holdings reported from New York, are still less than 

 those of Massachusetts, being only 290 millions. In 

 Pennsylvania the holdings reported are large when we 

 consider the limited territory occupied by the species, 

 amounting to 850 million feet. 



In West Virginia, which is known to contain quite a 

 body of untouched white pine situated in the most ele- 

 vated region of the state, there is practically none 

 reported by the lumber companies. 



The greatest bodies of white pine in the country are 

 still to be found in the northern portion of the Lake 

 states, the upper half of the lower peninsula of Michi- 

 gan, the entire area of the upper peninsula, and in gen 

 eral terms the northern halves of the states of Wisconsin 

 and Minnesota. Before lumbering commenced, these 

 regions were covered with a fairly dense stand of almost 

 pure white pine, merging near the lower borders into 

 hard-wood forests. Lumbering operations have pro- 

 gressed westward from the east. The lower peninsula 

 of Michigan has been nearly depleted of this timber; 

 the upper peninsula has been cut to a large extent, while 

 Wisconsin has suffered less, and Minnesota still less, 

 from the operations of lumbermen. In these three 

 states it is estimated that the enormous amount of 

 183,063 millions of feet, board measure, of white pine 

 has been cut since 1873, as is shown by the following 

 table extracted from the American Lumberman of 

 January 18, 1902: 



TABLE 22. CUT OF WHITE PINE, M FEET, B. M., IN 

 MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN, AND MINNESOTA, 1873 TO 

 1900. 



19UO. 



1.VJ9 . 



Ih98. 



IV. I . 



1893. 



1 -:n . 

 l-.il . 



1"' 



1-1 . 



l-7'.i . 

 1878. 



!-;: . 

 1-7.. . 



1875. 



1X74 . 



Total cut. 



5,419,333 

 6,090,508 

 6, 155,300 

 (;,-.':s!, I.M 

 6,7:25,763 

 7,050,669 



i;,x'ji,.-)i<; 

 7,326,264 



,, 



7,879,948 

 8. 597. 2S 



,, 



7,757.917 



7,053,095 

 7,935,033 



7.li'JI.7'.H> 



6,768,867 



fi.lVil.LW 

 4.80I..943 



, . 



3,595,333 

 8,879,046 

 3,968,553 

 8,751,306 

 , 988,780 



183, 063, 9 



Of the stand of white pine remaining we have esti- 

 mates in Wisconsin and Minnesota, but none in Michi- 

 gan later than that of Professor Sargent made in 1880, 

 when he estimated that the amount of pine standing in 

 Michigan was 35 billion feet, at the same time placing 

 that of Wisconsin at 41 billion feet. In 1897 an esti- 

 mate was made of the standing timber of Wisconsin by 

 Dr. Filibert Roth, of the United States Department of 

 Agriculture, in cooperation with the geological survey 

 of Wisconsin. He found 15 billion feet of white pine 

 standing in the state at that time. Several estimates 

 of the stand in Minnesota have been made, the earliest 

 one which comes under my notice having been made by 

 Professor Sargent in connection with the United States 

 census of 1880. His figures gave a total of 8,170 million 

 feet then standing. In 1896 Gen. C. C. Andrews, state 

 fire warden, estimated the amount at 16,849 million feet, 

 or a little more than double that made by Sargent sixteen 

 years earlier. Three years later, in 1899, Mr. H. B. 

 Ayres, acting for the United States Geological Survey, 

 estimated that there was standing 11,190 million feet, 

 his estimate agreeing closely with that of General 

 Andrews. There is probably 50 billion feet of white 

 pine standing in thecountry. The total amount reported 

 as owned by lumbermen is 16,352 million feet, and 

 the cut in the census year was approximately 7,500 

 million feet, showing that the holdings of lumber com- 

 panies, so far as reported, are sufficient to supply the 

 cut for two or three years only. 



SPRUCE. 



Spruce in the Eastern states is found mainly in New 

 England and in New York, where in recent years, since 

 the partial destruction of white pine, it has become the 

 principal commercial timber, the amount annually cut 

 far exceeding that of pine. The estimated stand in 

 these states is, in round numbers, 50 billion feet, of 

 which 8,600 million feet was reported as owned by 

 lumbermen. The cut in these states in the census year 

 was 1,448 million feet. 



Spruce is found also in the Rocky Mountain region, 

 where in some places it forms a notable component of 

 the forest. 



It is found also in western Washington and Oregon, 

 scattered .sparsely through the forests in the interior, 

 and upon the Pacific coast, forming a large and impor- 

 tant component of the forests. 



H KM LOCK. 



Hemlock occupies much the same range as does white 

 pine, being found in the New England and other North- 

 eastern states, and extending down the Appalachian 

 Mountains as far as southwest Virginia or North Caro- 

 lina. It is found also in the neighborhood of the Great 

 Lakes in considerable quantity. It exists in large 

 quantities in the forests of the Pacific coast, but hereto- 

 fore has been cut, at least under its proper name, to a 



