1875 CLOTHING. 183 



being distributed and conducted to a distance from the 

 fire by means of the piping. 



Whenever the difference of temperature between 

 the outside and inside of the ship was greater than 

 fifty degrees, the ascending rarefied air from the deck 

 below, on escaping from the top of the ventilating 

 funnel, became visible on condensing, and appeared 

 like steam escaping from a boiler. 



During the month the temperature of the lower 

 deck ranged between 35° and 55° ; that of the outer 

 air being between 21° and minus 32°, a mean difference 

 of about 55°. 



The clothing in wear when on board the ship was 

 a thick under flannel and pair of drawers and socks ; 

 a thick woollen shirt with a turn-down collar and a 

 naval black silk handkerchief, a knitted waistcoat and 

 a box-cloth waistcoat with sleeves, a pair of seal-skin 

 trousers and box-cloth shoes ; the ship's company wore 

 knitted jerseys instead of the waistcoats. 



When going on deck or on to the ice, a duck jumper, 

 or a seal-skin jacket, was worn in addition, with a 

 naval blue comforter round the neck, a thick pair of 

 fisherman's stockings, duffle knee-boots with thick soles, 

 and a leather cap with ear-laps lined with lamb's skin, 

 with mits as necessary. When the temperature was 

 below minus 30°, Welsh wigs or the ' Eugenie ' woollen 

 head-cover and seal-skin caps were worn, with large 

 hanging mits suspended from the shoulder. A suit of 

 chamois leather underclothing was worn by some of the 

 officers when they were taking observations and thus 

 prevented from taking quick exercise. 



The rough duffle cloth leggings on the boots were 



