A MILLION YEARS OF CHILDHOOD 15 



nature, summer and winter, was exacting. At last, 

 as the animal bones show, the ice-sheet retreated. 

 Men had a warmer climate, a more abundant diet, 

 and we accordingly find a much better stone culture : 

 very fine lance-heads, arrows, drills, saws, rough 

 drawings on stone, tools made of bone and ivory. 



This warm period ended in the most intense of the 

 cold periods of the Ice Age and the largest extension 

 of the sheet of ice and snow, which now covered 

 Europe down to the valleys of the Thames and 

 Danube. The reindeer and mammoth found the 

 climate congenial to them as far south as the 

 Pyrenees. I have, however, given the details about 

 the Ice Age elsewhere, and must be content here 

 with completing this broad outline. 



The prehistoric men of Europe now entered into 

 what is called the " Magdalenian Period," and the 

 remains show great progress. Art was remarkably 

 developed. Some of the line-drawings, on bone or 

 stone, and of the carvings in ivory are admirable. 

 Caverns in the north of Spain have their walls 

 frescoed with animals for hundreds of yards — an 

 evidence of the largeness of the community as well 

 as of the advance of taste and intelligence. In 

 another cavern we have found animal figures which 

 seem to have been drawn for a magical purpose — as 

 charms to cause the multiplication of the animals for 

 food. Excellent bone needles are found in the soil 

 of the caverns, and we see that men now made 

 clothing, though the drawings of men are always 

 nude, which implies that skins were worn only on 

 occasion. These drawings also show that man still, 

 at the close of the Ice Age, had a thick coat of hair. 



These artistic remains of the Cave Period are often 



