308 INJURIOUS INSECTS, WITH TREATMENT 



perficial tillage of the surface soil during July and August will kill 

 many of the pupae, and is recommended. For treatment on 

 plum, see under PLUM, p. 329. 



RAILROAD-WORM. See APPLE-MAGGOT, p. 306. 



ROOT-LOUSE, " AMERICAN BLIGHT." See under WOOLLY APHIS, 

 page 310. 



ROSE-CHAFER. See under GRAPE, p. 322. At the first appearance 

 of the beetles spray plants with arsenate of lead at the rate of 8 or 

 10 pounds to 100 gallons of water, to which should be added 1 gal- 

 lon of molasses (New York Experiment Station). 



ROUND-HEADED BORER (Saperda Candida). A yellowish white 

 larva, about one inch long when mature. It is said to remain in 

 the larval state three years. 



Preventive. Keep the beetles from laying eggs by spraying 

 the trunks several times during the spring and summer with 

 kerosene emulsion or by coating them with an alkaline wash 

 made from soap, caustic potash, and carbolic acid. Tarred paper 

 tree-protectors well tied at the top, or wire mosquito netting 

 protectors closed at the top and encircling the trunk so loosely 

 that the beetles cannot reach the bark, are effective in preventing 

 egg-laying. Practice clean cultivation, and do not let water 

 sprouts or other rank vegetation encircle the base of the tree. 



Remedial. Dig out the borers whenever they can be located 

 by discolored bark or by the sawdust thrown out of the burrow. 



SAN JOSE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus) . Seep. 304. 



LEAF-CRUMPLER (Mineola indigenella] . Reddish brown caterpillars 

 that live in slender, horn-shaped cases and feed on the tender 

 leaves. They hibernate as partly grown larvae and attack the 

 opening buds the following spring. They usually live in a nest 

 of several leaves fastened together with silk. 



Treatment. Gather the nests and burn them. Arsenicals 

 when the buds open. 



OYSTER-SHELL SCALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi) . This is an elongate scale 

 (sometimes called bark-louse), one-eighth inch in length, resembling 

 an oyster-shell in shape and often incrusting the bark. It hiber- 

 nates as minute white eggs under the old scales. The eggs hatch 

 during the latter part of May or in June, the date depending on the 

 season. After they hatch, the young may be seen as tiny whitish 



