HEREFORD AND OTHER CROSSES 179 



amounting about that time to 3 or 4 Ibs. per day. Sym- 

 metrical, kindly feeding animals under eighteen months, fit to 

 put in training for showing, sell for 2$ to 34, and when not 

 good enough to exhibit they go to the butcher before they 

 are two years old, fetching from 24 to 30. The remainder 

 go off at from twenty to twenty-four months, making top 

 market prices, 4Os. to 415. per live cwt. When fed with their 

 dams during summer grazing, the show animals develop very 

 rapidly. The dams when fat, generally about Christmas, 

 make, according to the season, 13, ios. to 20. One steer 

 shown at the Scottish National Show, Edinburgh, in 1905, by 

 an Angus bull out of a blue-grey heifer, weighed 12 cwts. 

 2 qrs. at one year and seven months ; and another of the same 

 age of the Galloway-Shorthorn Cross weighed 13 cwts. At 

 the same show in 1903 one of the steers under two years, fed 

 by Lord Rosebery, was fourth in his class, and third at Smith- 

 field a few days later. At the same time two bullocks fed at 

 Dolphinstone were first as a pair for butchers' cattle under 

 13 cwts. at the Scottish National. One of the heifers under 

 1 1 cwts., fed by Peter Dunn, gained third at Birmingham, 

 second at York, and first at Leeds, in 1905. 



Hereford Crosses by Galloway Bulls are also polled, with 

 white heads and red or dark-grey bodies. Both crosses produce 

 beef of the finest quality ; the Herefords, the smaller animals, 

 being perhaps the finer of the two. The progeny of a 

 Galloway bull on cows of slow maturity breeds are usually 

 tardy or inferior, being often thinly built like their dams. 

 Galloway crosses from Ayrshire cows are mostly black, but 

 slow and unsatisfactory feeding animals while young, though 

 when more than three years old and under good treatment 

 they develop into excellent light-weight butchers' beasts at 

 the finish, and the cows are fair milkers. 



Carlisle, situated conveniently for the Galloway cattle- 

 breeding area in the north of England, has naturally assumed 

 the position of the chief market for Galloway crosses, mostly 

 blue-grey by Shorthorn bulls. Dumfries was for many years 

 the great cattle market of the south of Scotland, and it 

 remained so till into the eighties of the nineteenth century, 

 when, simultaneously with the development of auction marts 

 for store cattle, much of the trade gradually moved to Castle 

 Douglas. From Dumfries alone, droves aggregating 25,000 



