UNHEALTHY SYMPTOMS 247 



Ibs. per day of undecorticated cotton-cake be given, and 

 a little fodder in time of snow. 



The shelter necessary is either natural as trees and 

 depressions in the ground ; or artificial as stone walls, 

 hedges, and shelter-sheds. In Leicestershire, straw is some- 

 times thrown under the hedges to make a comfortable bed 

 for cattle in summer. 



(2) Second quality pasture, suited for feeding the lighter 

 breeds or smaller animals, is rented at from about 2 to 2, 

 i os. per acre. If these are being finished they should have 

 cake or cake and meal all the time (beginning with 3 or 4 

 Ibs., and ending with 6 or 7 Ibs.), given in troughs moved 

 regularly from time to time to different parts of the field, 

 to distribute the manure equally. By giving cake, beef 

 is produced faster, and of better quality ; the land is 

 also gradually improved by the increased amount and 

 value of the droppings, and will consequently " carry " more 

 stock. 



(3) Third quality pasture, rented at from about i t IDS. 

 down to a few shillings per -acre, is useful only for keeping 

 store cattle or sheep, or, in some localities, dairy cows. The 

 land is often good, but the climate unsuited for fattening 

 beasts. Besides hill and mountain lands, the various downs 

 belong to this class. 



Symptoms unnatural to healthy Cattle at Grass, which 

 may be seen without handling them: (i) An animal away 

 by itself, if accustomed to go with others, and perhaps 

 cowering behind a wall with its back up ; (2) not stretching 

 itself on being quietly raised ; (3) with hair standing on end, 

 " staring " ; (4) showing the absence of lick-marks on the hair ; 

 (5) with saliva flowing from the mouth ; (6) not feeding or 

 chewing the cud for any length of time ; (7) thin in condition 

 of body ; (8) blown out at the sides by gas formed through 

 stoppage of digestion ; (9) with a peculiarity in the move- 

 ment of the head or limbs; (10) with quick breathing, or a 

 cough ; (11) with hollow sides consequent upon want of food. 



The hollow condition of a heifer " a-bulling," from want 

 of settling to feed, must not be mistaken for disease. She 

 then stands quietly while another of the herd jumps upon 

 her from behind, and she in turn tries to jump upon others, 

 which however do not stand. 



