500 THE HORSE MEASURING STANDARD 



is a V-shaped central groove, which in highly fed stallions 

 begins to show at about ten years, or nine years and six 

 months, in each of the corner incisors of the upper jaw. 

 When the teeth have grown and been worn down so that 

 the grooves extend the full length of the tooth, the animal 

 is twenty-one years old. 1 



Professor W. Owen Williams' Patent Horse Measur- 

 ing Standard was awarded a gold medal by the Highland 

 and Agricultural Society, at Kelso, July 1898. It has since 

 been fitted with rack and pinion adjustment. The Farmer 

 and Stockbreeder of 4th July 1898 says : 



" It possesses a number of ingenious devices which pre- 

 vent anything like incorrectness or 

 fraud. The upright is fitted with a 

 spirit-level towards the centre, to 

 enable any inequality of the ground 

 being ascertained. It has also running 

 through its entire length a rod which, 

 when the upright is not pressed firmly 

 upon the ground, causes a brass indi- 

 cator at the top to fall into a horizontal 

 position. There are two spirit-levels 

 in the arm one near the extreme 

 point, the other at the junction with 

 the upright. A brass and mirror re- 

 flector shading the outside spirit-level 

 enables the operator, standing behind 

 the upright, to see when the level is 

 right, and the other level is immedi- 

 ately under his eyes. These levels 

 indicate respectively any swaying of 

 the arm towards or from the horse, 

 and any movement forwards or back- 

 wards. The index on the upright is 

 on the inside facing the horse, so 



that the operator, who stands behind the upright, cannot 

 possibly read the height indicated by the standard until 

 after he has taken it away from the animal." 



Maker J. Nicolson, optician, 17 Haddington Place, 

 Edinburgh. Cash price, 4 guineas. 



1 For fuller details, Galvayne's work must be consulted. 



