30 SECRETS OF EARTH AND SEA 



founding in Paris an " Institute of Human Palaeontology" ; 

 that is, "of the study of prehistoric man," which he has 

 endowed with a magnificent building, comprising labora- 

 tories and residences for professors, together with funds 

 to pay for its maintenance and the proper publication of 

 results. This he has done in addition to founding entirely 

 at his own expense a similarly complete Institute for the 

 study of " oceanography " the study of the living contents 

 and history of the great seas. 



The illustrations in this chapter are (with the exception 

 of Fig. 7) copies, greatly reduced in size, of faithful repre- 

 sentations of the great hairy elephant or mammoth which 

 still survived in southern France in the days when the 

 caves were occupied and decorated by men. I am in- 

 debted to the valuable little book "Repertoire de 1'Art 

 Quatermaire," by M. Salomon Reinach, for these outlines 

 carefully drawn by him from various large illustrations 

 by the use of a tracing and reducing instrument. In the 

 next chapter I have given examples from the same source 

 of similar drawings of other animals. 



There are five kinds of artistic work of Palaeolithic age 

 found in the caverns of France and Spain; namely (i) 

 small solid carvings (complete all round) in bone, ivory, 

 or stone ; (2) small engravings in sunk outline on similar 

 material, rarely with relief of the outlined figure ; (3) large 

 stone statues, 2 ft. to 6 ft. across, in high relief, with 

 complete modelling of the visible surface; (4) rock en- 

 gravings and paintings on the walls and roofs of caverns 

 or rock shelters, often partly outlined by engraving and 

 scraping of the surface, and then completed in black 

 or red paint or in several colours (black, red, yellow, 

 white) ; they are of large size, from 2 to 5 ft. in cross 

 measurement; (5) models in clay, one side only shown, 

 the other resting on rock ; a few incomplete clay models 

 of this nature representing the bison of about 2 ft. in 



