84 SEEDING AND PLANTING 



both in the Rocky Mountain region and on the Pacific coast. 

 Lodgepole pine has been sown extensively throughout the central 

 and northern Rocky Mountain region. To a lesser extent sugar 

 pine has been sown in California, western white pine in Idaho, and 



Photograph by S. T. Dana 



FIG. 15. Reforestation by direct seeding in spots after a clear- 

 cutting. Sweden. 



red pine in Michigan. There has been but little regeneration by 

 direct seeding in eastern and southern United States. Walnut, red 

 oak, and a few other hardwoods have been regenerated by direct 

 seeding in eastern United States, but only in restricted localities 

 and in limited amount. 



The present low average cost of direct seeding on the National 

 Forests, including cost of seed, rodent poisoning, and the prepa- 

 ration of the ground, viz., $4 per acre, has resulted in a high per- 

 centage of total failures and too few plants per acre on sites 

 where failures are not recorded. The present unfavorable results 

 from direct seeding emphasize the necessity for using the best seed 

 and giving more attention to soil preparation. 



The most important considerations upon which the choice be- 

 tween seeding and planting should be based are the following: 



a. The difference in cost. 



6. The difference in the time required for the stand to close. 



c. The difference in the quality of the stand. 



