148 SEEDING AND PLANTING 



elm, basswood, and ash; aggregate fruits, as tulip, maple, and 

 sycamore; and multiple fruits, as birch and alder. 



b. Those in which the seed is the only part sown, as in most 

 conifers and all dry-fruited, broadleaved species in which the fruit 

 naturally opens to permit the dissemination of the seed. This 

 class is illustrated in pine, tamarack, spruce, hemlock, fir, bald 

 cypress, redwood, cedar, cypress, red gum, black locust, and 

 catalpa. 



The fruits of the first class are spread out to dry as soon as re- 

 ceived. Simple fruit as soon as thoroughly surface-dried is ready 

 for shipment or storage. Hickory, chestnut, beech, and oak are 

 usually free from their outer hulls or bur-like coverings when 

 gathered. The shagbark hickory retains some of the hulls when 

 gathered, but they readily fall away after a short period of drying. 

 The pignut and bitternut have thin outer hulls which are more 

 firmly attached and are usually not removed in preparing the 

 nuts for storage. As the acorn falls to the ground, it usually be- 

 comes detached from the cup; in a few cases, however, as in the 

 bur oak and the overcup oak the cup overgrows the acorn to such 

 an extent that it is very difficult to remove. The acorns of these 

 species are stored with the cups attached. Chestnut and beech 

 burs open with the autumn frosts and the nuts fall to the ground. 

 When care is used in gathering no cleaning is necessary in prepa- 

 ration for storage. Aggregate and multiple fruits are first broken 

 into their component parts by whipping or flailing them on a can- 

 vas or tight floor. 



The fruits of the second class must be treated preliminary to 

 seed extraction; the direct exposure of most species to the sun 

 will cause them to open and the seed to rattle out. The resistance 

 to opening varies greatly with different species and the conditions 

 of the weather. The fruits of broadleaved species of this class 

 and the smaller-coned conifers dry quickly when exposed in thin 

 layers to full sunlight and rarely require the application of artificial 

 heat. When the fruit is dried out of doors, arrangements should be 

 made to protect it from rain and to prevent the seed from blowing 

 away. The larger-fruited conifers require a much longer time and 

 a higher degree of heat for the cones to open sufficiently to permit 

 the escape of the seed. Under favorable weather conditions 

 western yellow pine, loblolly pine, white pine, western white pine, 

 sugar pine, western larch, red spruce, Sitka spruce, Engelmann 



