342 FORM AND POSITION OF THE TRANSPIRING LEAVES AND BRANCHES. 



narrow secondary grooves leading from it, as can be seen in a vertical section of 

 an open leaf of Festuca alpestris, a plant very abundant in the Southern Alps (see 

 fig. 86 6 ). In Festuca alpestris, the blunt apex of each ridge has a border, three 

 layers deep, of cells destitute of chlorophyll, and the lower side of the leaf is pro- 

 vided with an actual armour of thick-walled bast cells, covered by an epidermis, 



Fig. 86. -Folding of Grass-leaves. 



th ^ C Pen l6af f Stipa MP* 11 ***; X240. * Vertical section through an entire open leaf. 



Vert . a closed leaf; X 30. * Vertical section through a portion of the leaf of Festuca alpuMr, X210. 



tical section through an entire open leaf. Vertical section through a closed leaf; x 30. 



whose outer walls are much thickened. A vertical section through the leaf of 

 Festuca punctoria, a native of the Taurus, is represented in fig. 88. In this 

 plant, the leaves, when open, present a fairly shallow depression; the under surface 

 is clothed with a protective mantle of five layers of strong cells devoid of chloro- 

 phyll; the ndges are rounded off and possess only a single layer of covering cells, 

 provided with an extremely strong wax-like coat. The open leaves of Festuca Porcii 



