ILLUSTRATIONS. 



XI 



Page 



Female Cone and Scales in Abietineae, - - 721 

 Flowers, &c., of Mountain Pine (Pinus Pumilio), 722 

 The Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris), - - - 723 

 The Arolla Pine (Pinus Cembra), - 724 

 Welwitschia mirabilis in its natural surroundings, 727 

 Liliiflorse: Examples of the Lily Alliance, - - 729 

 Asphodelus ramosus at Paestum (Southern Italy), 730 

 The New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax), - 731 

 Adam's Needle ( Yucca gloriosa), - - - 732 

 jEchmca paniculata (family Bromeliaceae), - - 733 

 The Traveller's Tree (RavenalaMadagascariensis), 735 

 Angrcecum eburneum, an Orchid epiphytic on a 



tree-trunk, 737 



Curled Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus), - - 739 

 Primeval forest in Ceylon with Climbing Palms 



(Calamus) and Areca disticha, - - - 741 

 Aroids (Arum maculatum, Colocasia antiquorum, 



&c.), - 742 



Raphidophora decursiva climbing in a primeval 



forest of the tropical Himalayas, - - 743 



Climbing Aroids (Philodendron pertusum and P. 



Irnbe) with cord-like aerial roots, - - 744 



Papyrus Plant (Papyrus antiquorum) in the Upper 



Nile, .... -747 



Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis Jalapa), - 749 

 Proteales: Flower and Fruit of Banksia, - - 751 

 Daphnales: Camphor, Flowers of Cinnamon and 



Mezereum, 753 



"Living bridge" formed of the aerial roots of 

 the India-rubber and other kinds of Figs in 



Sikkim-Himalaya, 758 



Amentales: Catkins of Birch and Hornbeam, - 759 

 Flowers and Fruit of Oak (Quercus sessiliflora), - 760 

 The Common Beech (Fagus sylvatica), - - 761 

 Caprifoliales : Ipecacuanha (Cephaelis Ipecacu- 

 anha), 764 



Ericales: Flowers and Fruit of Strawberry-tree 



(Arbutus Unedo), - - - - - 769 



Acanthaceae: Acanthus mottis, - - 772 



Ranunculaceae : Black Hellebore and Mousetail, - 773 

 The Indian Lotus (Nelumbium speciosum), grow- 

 ing in a marsh, near Pekin, - - - 775 

 Parietales: sections of flower-bud and ovary, - 776 

 Disciflorae: Euonymus, Quassia, &c., - - - 778 

 Crateranthae: sections of flowers, - - - 779 

 Myrtales: Flower of Melaleuca; Flower-bud and 



Fruit of Eucalyptus, 782 



Melastomaceae: Melastoma Malabathricum, - 783 

 Cactaceae: several species of Cactus, - - - 787 

 Umbellales: Umbellifers with Fruit and Flowers, 789 

 Fairy Rings in a meadow near Trins in the Tyrol, 

 formed by the ascomycetous fungus Spathu- 



laria flavida, 791 



Plants with tubers and bulbs whose mode of 

 growth leads to the formation of colonies 

 arranged in lines and clusters, - - - 796 



Page 

 A section through soil permeated by the proto- 



nemal threads of the Moss Pottia intermedia, 799 

 Formation of a clustered colony by means of 



aerial runners in Saxifraga flagellaris, - 801 



Frogbit (Hydrocharis Morsus-rance) : winter buds 



in process of detachment, - 804 



Frogbit : winter buds rising to the surface and 



young plants developed from them, - - 805 

 Trichia clavata, showing capillitium and spores, - 813 

 Dispersal of spores by wind: spore-capsules in 



damp and in dry weather, - - - - 814 

 Spores of the Horse-tail (Equisetum Telmateja), 815 

 Polygonum viviparum and its aerial tubers, - 819 

 Houseleek (Sempervivum soboliferum) with ball- 

 shaped offshoots, 821 



The formation of offshoots in Sedum dasyphyllum, 822 

 The formation of offshoots in Kleinia articulata, 823 

 Distribution of spores by expulsive mechanisms, - 825 

 Distribution of detached sprout-like offshoots by 



means of animals, 829 



Sling-fruits: JEcballium elaterium, Oxalis Aceto- 



sella, .... - 834 



Sling-fruits: seven examples, .... 835 

 Catapult fruits: five examples, - - - - 841 

 Fruits which creep or hop along the ground, - 843 

 Creeping and hopping fruits, .... 844 

 Fruits which open upon being wetted with 



water, 845 



Examples of fruits and seeds dispersed by the 



wind, - - - 848 



Fruits and seeds dispersed by the wind: Plantago 



Cretica, 849 



Fruits and seeds dispersed by the wind, - - 852 

 Fruits and seeds dispersed by the wind : thirteen 



examples, 853 



Dispersion of fruits and seeds by the wind : ten 



examples, -----.- 854 

 Fruits and seeds dispersed by the wind, - - 855 

 Fruits and seeds dispersed by the wind (Cotton, 



&c.), 856 



Fruits and seeds dispersed by the wind (Groundsel, 



Dandelion, &o.), - - - 857 



Fruits and seeds dispersed by the wind, - - 858 

 Seeds of the Orchid Vanda teres, - - 859 

 Dispersion of fruits and seeds by the wind 



(Thistle), - - 860 



Dispersion of fruits and seeds by the wind ( Vanda, 



Tillandsia), 862 



Examples of sticky fruits, 870 



Fruits which hook on to or stick into passing 



objects, 871 



Fruits furnished with hooks, .... 873 

 Fruits with hooks, - - - 874 



Fruits with needle-like spines, ... - 875 



Bamboo Forest in Ceylon, 890 



Mangrove Forest in India, .... 891 



