76 THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE PHANEROGAMIC FRUIT. 



lower carpels. They bear the ovules. Examples: the Violet (Viola, figs. 207 6 

 and 207 7 ), the Celandine (Chelidonium), and the Poppy (Papaver). 



(6) The lower whorl of carpels are united edge to edge, inclosing the ovarian 

 cavity. They are destitute of ovules. The tip of the receptacle projects a very 

 short distance into the ovary, arid bears a single ovule-bearing carpel which is 

 apparently terminal upon it. Examples: the Rhubarb (Rheum), and Dock 

 (Rumex, fig. 212 23 ). 



(7) The lower whorl of carpels are united edge to edge like staves, forming 

 the ovary into which the apex of the receptacle projects as a central column. The 

 upper ovuliferous carpels are metamorphosed into cushion-like structures consoli- 

 dated with the receptacular column. These cushions are either arranged spirally, as 

 in Glaux (figs. 211 8 and 211 9 ), or in a whorl, as in Primula Japonica. 



(8) The lower carpels are inserted in a whorl, and have their margins infolded, 

 and are fused together so as to form a multilocular ovary. The upper, ovuliferous 

 carpels arise from the tip of the receptacle, which is continued through the centre 

 of the ovary. The ovules project into the cavities of the ovary. Examples: The 

 Spurge (Euphorbia), Azalea, Foxglove (Digitalis), Potato (Solanum, figs. 207 10 and 

 207 n ). 



OVAKIES ON A FLAT OR EXCAVATED RECEPTACLE. 



Carpels of One Sort. 



(9) The carpels are arranged spirally upon a raised central cushion of the flat 

 receptacle. Each carpel forms a distinct ovary containing one or more ovules. 

 Examples: Dryas, Potentilla, the Raspberry (Rubus Idceus, figs. 210 n and 210 12 ). 



(10) The carpels are arranged spirally within an excavated receptacle. Each 

 carpel forms a distinct ovary containing one or more ovules. There is no fusion 

 between the walls of the carpels and that of the receptacle. Example: The Rose 

 (Rosa, figs. 208 * 2 > 3 ). 



(11) A single ovuliferous carpel is inserted in the centre of an excavated 

 receptacle. It is apparently terminal upon the axis, and is not fused with the 

 excavated receptacle. This condition prevails in the Cherry, Plum, Apricot, and 

 Almond (Amygdalus, figs. 209 6 and 209 7 ). 



(12) The carpels arise in a whorl from the end of the axis at the base of an 

 excavated receptacle. Their margins are infolded, and they are fused together into 

 a multilocular ovary. The ovary fills the whole cavity of the receptacle, with the 

 inner wall of which it is fused. Ovules are borne by the infolded margins of each 

 carpel. Examples: The Medlar (Mespilus), Pears and Apples (Pyrus, figs. 



(13) The carpels arise from the tip of the axis at the base of the excavated 

 receptacle. The receptacle has a remarkable structure; it is like a bottle in shape 

 with three portions of the wall removed, so that it is reduced to three ribs which 

 join above and bear the other parts of the flower. The apertures in the receptacle 

 are occupied by the three carpels. Thus the ovary consists of three carpels and 



