THE FRUITS OF GYMNOSPERMS. 



441 



is an aril. In Podocarpus, also, is developed a peculiar structure of the same 

 kind. 



In Cycads the seeds are borne upon carpels arranged in cones, and have a 

 woody integument. In some cases they correspond in position to metamorphosed 

 lobes of a carpel (cf. fig. 208 7 , p. 74), and have the outer layer of their integument 

 developed as a succulent coat. In the Gnetacese, the seed at maturity is inclosed 



Fig. 335. Fruit and Seed of Coniferse. 



HIP Silver Fir (Abies vectinata) a Bract scale and ovuliferous scale of the same seen from the outside (the bract 

 a is po^ed). *$SSSS* same seen from above, showing the *- winged seeds and U * 

 section of bract and ovuliferous scales, showing a seed inserted upon the latter. A winged 



the seed. T Ovuliferous scale of the Scotch een from above it 



in a fleshy "perianth" in Ephedra', in Welwitschia cone-like collective fruits are 

 produced; finally, in Onetum leaf-structures around the seed unite to form cup- 

 like receptacles for the seeds. 



From the brief observations on the manner of fructification of Gymnosperms, il 

 will be seen that their methods are very various, and that, in all cases, they differ 

 from those of Angiosperms. They agree in the common object of producing , 



