606 



THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 



purposes. The old division into Algae, Fungi, and Lichens, based on the presence or 

 absence of chlorophyll and on the mode of life of the forms in question, has been 

 by many authors abandoned. Cohn in 1872 divided the Thallophytes, according to 

 their methods of reproduction, into seven groups: Schizosporeae, Zygosporeae, Basidio- 

 sporeae, Ascosporeae, Tetrasporeae, Zoosporeae, and Oosporeae. Sachs, in 1874, follow- 

 ing somewhat similar lines, made four classes: Protophyta, Zygosporeae, Oosporeae, 

 and Carposporeae, in each of which groups both chlorophyll-containing (Algae) and 

 colourless forms (Fungi) occur, as may be seen by a perusal of the classification 

 quoted below. 1 Goebel (1882) returns in part to the older method and distinguishes 

 between Algae and Fungi; but with these as groups of equal systematic importance 

 he ranks the Myxomycetes, Diatomaceae, and Schizophyta. The Algae he divides 

 into Chlorophyceae (Green Algae), Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae), and Rhodophyceae 

 (Red Sea- weeds); and the Fungi into Chytridiaceae, Ustilagineae, Phy corny cetes, 

 Ascomycetes, ^Ecidiomycetes, Basidiomycetes. Warming (1884) returns completely 

 to the older method, dividing the Thallophytes into Algae and Fungi, ranking the 

 Myxomycetes with the Fungi, and the Diatoms and Schizophyceae with the Algae. 

 The balance of opinion at the present time, largely swayed by the views and 

 researches of Brefeld upon the Fungi, favours a grouping of the bulk of Thallo- 

 phytes into Algae and Fungi. Brefeld regards the various families of Fungi as 

 more intimately related amongst themselves than are these families to corresponding 

 families of Algae. That Fungi have arisen from Algae at some remote period, and 

 have then amongst themselves undergone development along various lines, is very 

 generally held; but the view that the different families of Fungi stand in near 

 relationship to the several algal groups as indicated, for instance, in the system of 

 Sachs, (cf. foot-note below) is not at present the prevalent one. And amongst the 

 Algae, also, the attempt to classify the various forms into families according to the 

 relative simplicity or complexity of their organs of reproduction (as Sachs suggested) 

 no longer finds general favour. Amongst the Algae we find a number of extensive 



1 SACHS'S CLASSIFICATION OF THALLOPHYTES. 

 I. PROTOPHYTA. 



Containing Chlorophyll. 

 Cyanophycese. 

 Palmellaceae (in part). 



Pandorineae 

 (Hydrodictyese). 



Conjugates. 



Sphaeroplea. 

 Vaucheria . . 

 Volvocineae. 

 OZdogoneae. 

 Fucoidese. 



Coleochsetese. 



Floridese. 



Characeaa. 



II. ZTGOSPORE^E. 

 Conjugating Cells Motile. 



Conjugating Cells Stationary. 



I 

 III. OOSPORE.E. 



... (CoeloUastece), 



Not containing Chlorophyll. 

 Schizomycetes. 

 Saccharomycetes. 



Myxomycetes. 



Zygomycetes. 



f Saprolegniese. 

 ( Peronosporese. 



IV. CARPOSPORE^E. 



Ascomycetes (including Lichens). 

 ^Ecidiomycetes (Uredinese). 

 Basidiomycetes. 



