874 



THE DISPERSION OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF FRUITS AND SEEDS. 



With this curious form of fruit we may associate those in which the claws or 

 hooked prickles are metamorphosed branches, or parts of abortive flowers situated 

 on special ramifications. It will be sufficient to adduce two examples of this group, 

 viz., Pupalia atropurpurea, of the family Amaranthaceae, and Pteranthus echinatus 

 (see fig. 478 7 ) of the family Paronychiaceso. In Pupalia atropurpurea short 

 branchlets spring from the axils of the bracts; a few of them bear fruits, whilst the 

 majority are modified into hooked prickles and form a tuft which easily fastens on 

 to foreign bodies, and becomes detached from the main axis. Pteranthus echinatus 

 has several short branchlets in each inflorescence situated close to the fruit, and 

 bearing at their extremities abortive flowers with hooked sepals. 



Fig. 479. Fruits which hook on to or stick into passing objects. 



pLd e^ T g , 6 the Same ' * Galium return. <A piece of the stem of the same. XJarc*. 



^ocyperus. e Single fruit of the same. 7 Triglochm palustre. 8 Sin g le unripe fruit of the same> , Transvei . se . 

 .ough the same fruit. 10 Single ripe fruit with its component valves separated. 2, 4> 6 , 8, 9 and w magnified. 



All the clawed or prickly fruits and clusters of fruit above enumerated 



easily come away from the mother-plant when pulled by the objects to which they 



lave attached themselves. But there are other cases where the hooks and claws are 



irmly attached to the axis of the plant as a whole, so much so indeed that if the 



object to which they are fastened gives a pull a large piece of the stem is torn away, 



lometimes even the entire plant is uprooted and carried bodily away. To this 



iong the fruits of several RubiacesB, of which Galium retrorsum (see figs 479 s 



may be taken as a type. The fruit-bearing stem of this plant is at once 



ff or uprooted when its barbed bristles catch in the coat of a passing animal. 



^es of the genus Uncaria also are examples of the kind. The long creeping 



evelop here and there clusters of fruit and at other spots abortive peduncles 



J ^metamorphosed into strong, sharp claw, When these claws get hooked 



s foot, a more or less large piece of the stem is torn away, and with it 



