976 



INDEX. 



Sorbus aucuparia, bud-scales, i. 626. 



Gymnosporangium gall, ii. 520. 



Soredia. of Lichens, ii. 24, 693, 816. 

 Sori, of Ferns, ii. 11. 

 Sorus, nature of, ii. 10. 

 Sow-thistle. See Mulgedium. 

 Spaces, intercellular, i. 27, 63. 

 Spadiciflorse, floral characters, ii. 740. 

 Spadix, of Arum maculatum, ii. 742. 

 Spangle-galls on Oak-leaves, ii. 537, 541. 

 Spanish flora, general grayness of, i. 317. 

 Sparganacese, ii. 745. 

 Sparganium, monoecious, ii. 297. 



- pollination, ii. 136. 



protogynous, ii. 312. 



Spannannia Africana, protection of pollen, 



ii. 119. 

 Spartium, insect reception, ii. 228. 



protective coat of wax, i. 292. 



stomata, i. 331. 



Spartium junceum, scent, ii. 201. 



Spartium scoparium and Xylocopa violacea, 



ii. 267. 

 flower and explosive distribution of 



pollen, ii. 266. 



green tissue, relative position, i. 471. 



inflorescence, ii. 267- 



reserve-buds, ii. 31. 



Spathe, application of term, i. 641. 

 Spathegaster baccarum, gall on male catkins 



of Oak, ii. 526. 

 Spathegaster tricolor, galls on the leaves of 



Turkey Oak, ii. 537. 



Spathularia flavida, fairy rings, ii. 791. 

 Spawn, of Mushroom, a mycelium, i. 100. 

 Species, essential feature, ii. 581. 



- extinction by Humble-bees, ii. 239. 



- extinction of, ii. 899. 



fertilization and origin of, i. 594. 



of flowering plants, number, ii. 604. 



origin of, ii. 486. 



Specific constancy hi offshoots, ii. 494 



constitution, of plants, i. 567. 

 Spectrum, absorption, of chlorophyll, i. 372. 

 Specularia, colour of flowers, ii. 183. 



opening and closing, ii. 116. 

 Specularia speculum, protection of pollen, 



ii. 128. 

 Spergula arvensis, autogamy, ii. 338. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Spermatogenesis, in Ferns, ii. 67. 

 Spermatoplasm, influence on ovary, ii. 551. 



manifold differentiation, ii. 48. 



nature of, ii. 46. 

 Spermatozoid, nature of, ii. 48. 



of Chara fragilis, ii. 660. 



of Chlorophyceae, ii. 628. 



- of Coleochsete, ii. 653. 



of Dudresnaya, ii. 53. 



of Fern, escape, ii. 708. 



of Fucus vesiculosus, ii. 664. 



- of Selaginella, ii. 715. 



of Volvox aureus, ii. 635. 

 Sphacelariacese, structure, &c., ii. 661 

 Sphaerella Blitechlii, eye-spot, ii. 631. 

 Sphserella nivalis, discovery of, i. 38. 



haematochrome, ii. 631. 



killing degree of cold, i. 542. 

 Sphserella pluvialis, description, ii. 630. 

 habitat and food, i. 108. 



sociability of swarm-spores, i. 584. 



swarm-cells and light, i. 383. 



Sphserobolus, spore-dispersal, ii. 825. 

 3phseroplea, life-history, ii. 652. 

 Sphasrotheca Castagnei, fruits, ii. 60. 



on Humulus, ii. 677. 



Sphserotilus thermalis, and heat, i. 554. 

 Sphagnaceae, appearance, i. 219. 



description, ii. 699. 



leaves, minute structure i. 219. 



water-absorption, i. 219. 

 Sphagnum cymbifolium, sporogonium, ii. 



15. 



Sphere crystals, i. 457. 

 Spiders, elevation and coloration, ii. 511 

 Spiderwort. See Tradescantia 

 Spindle, nuclear, i. 581. 



Spines, arrangement in Cactiform plants, i. 

 446. 



as "path-finders", ii. 238. 



proof of protective nature, i. 436. 



transformed shoots, i. 443. 



used as needles, i. 434. 

 Spiraea, weaving stem, i. 672. 



Spiraea Aruncus, distribution of sexes, ii. 300. 



separation-layers, i. 360. 



Spiraea chamaedrifolia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spiraea crenata, reserve-buds, ii. 33. 

 Spiraea Filipendula, roots, i. 760. 

 Spiraea ulmifolia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spiral, genetic, i. 398, 403. 



phyllotaxis, plans, i. 400. 

 Spiranthes, cohering pollen-grains, ii. 97. 

 Spirochaete cholerae asiaticae, ii. 624. 

 Spirogyra, chlorophyll bodies, cf . i. 139, 373. 



formation of zygote, ii. 657- 



occurrence, ii. 654. 

 Spirogyra-filament, structure, ii. 656. 

 Spirogyraceae, ii. 654. 

 Spirophyton, ii. 610. 

 Splachnaceae, true saprophytes, i. 103. 

 Splachnum, apophysis, ii. 702. 



saprophytic, ii. 704. 



Splachnum ampullaceum, capsule, ii. 703. 



saprophytic on dung of cattle, i. 103. 



Splachnum luteum, capsule, ii. 703. 

 Sponge, symbiosis with Chlorophycese, ii. 627. 

 Spongy parenchyma, functions, i. 473. 



chlorophyll-granules, i. 374. 



movements of chlorophyll-granules, i. 



381. 

 Spongy tissue, of leaves, chief function, L 



279. 

 Sporangiole, of Chaetocladium, ii. 673. 



of Thamnidium, ii. 673. 

 Sporangium, nature of, ii. 10. 



of Ferns, ii. 476. 



of Marattiacese, ii. 709. 



of Mucor, ii. 673. 



of Myxomycetes, mode of origin, ii. 619. 



of Ophioglossaceae, ii. 709. 



of Polypodiaceae, ii. 706. 



of Psilotum, ii. 715. 



of Schizaeaceae, ii. 709. 



of Tmesipteris, ii. 715. 



protection from moisture, &c., ii. 13. 

 Spore, of Equisetum arvense, ii. 712. 



of Lycopodium, ii. 716. 



places of origin, ii. 10. 



unicellular brood-body, ii. 6. 

 Spore-capsule, of Polytrichum, ii. 700. 

 Spore-capsules, of Mosses, ii. 703. 

 Spore-formation, by abstraction, ii. 20. 

 Spores, classification according to mode of 



origin, ii. 10. 



dispersed by wind, ii. 812. 



of Fern, dispersal, &c., ii. 476. 



of Lichens, dissemination, i. 246. 



of Moss, dispersal, ii. 479. 



of Moulds, heat resistance, i. 554. 

 Sporocarps, of Marsilia quadrif olia, ii. 710. 



of Salvinia natans, ii. 710. 

 Sporodinia grandis, conjugation and fruit- 

 formation, ii. 53. 



Sporogonium, of Bryaceae, ii. 702. 



of Muscineae, ii. 15, 477. 

 Sporophyte, of Hepaticae, ii. 696. 



of Lycopodiales, ii. 704. 



of Phanerogamia, ii. 717. 



of Pteridophyta,, characteristics, ii. 704 



young, of Fern, ii. 708. 



Spring flowers, probable reason for blue 



colour, ii. 194. 

 Sprinkling apparatus for pollen transfer ii 



273,275. 



"Sprouting" of Rye, &c., ii. 454. 

 Spruce-fir Aphis. See Chermes abietis. 

 Spumaria alba, sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Spur, of Orchids, and honey, ii. 176. 

 Spurge. See Euphorbia. 

 Spurge-family. See Euphorbiacece. 

 Spurge-laurel. See Daphne Laureola. 

 Spurges, of Mediterranean, waxy bloom of 



leaves, i. 312. 



Squirrels, disperse fruits, ii. 866. 



Squirting Cucumber, ii. 834. 



Stachys, hybrids, ii. 585. 



Stalk, of ovule, i. 644. 



Stamen, morphological value of parts, ii. 88v 



parts of, i. 642. 

 Stamens, ii. 87. 



arrangement, i. 641 ; ii. 85. 



as insect platform, ii. 225. 



constancy in number, ii. 86. 



division of labour, i. 645. 



metamorphosis, i. 646. 



of monstrous flowers, ii. 86. 



Stamina! filaments, turgidity in Grasses, ii. 



140. 



Staminiferous buds, of Vallisneria, ii. 105. 

 Staminode, application of term, i. 647. 

 Standard, of papilionaceous flower, ii. 228. 

 Stanhopea, duration of flowers, ii. 214. 



edible fleshy growths, ii. 170. 

 Stanhopea Devoniensis, ii. 229. 

 Stanhopea tigrina, opening of flowers, ii. 212L 

 Stapelia, colour and odour, ii. 197. 



Star Anise. See Illicium anisatum. 

 Starch, conducting tissues for, i. 480. 



decomposition by diastase, i. 465. 



formed by protoplasts, i. 61. 



percentage composition, i, 454. 



storing, i. 358. 



Starch-grains, of plant hybrids, ii. 566. 



various forms, i. 459. 



Starch-granules, in endosperm, ii. 421. 

 Starch-stars, of Chara stelligera, ii. 661. 

 Star of Bethlehem. See Omithogalwit. 

 Statice, anthocyanin, i. 484. 



pollen-grain, ii. 100. 



salt on leaves and stems, i. 236. 

 Staurospermum, conjugation, ii. 658. 

 Stearin, in cuticle, i. 309. 

 Stellaria, massing of flowers, ii. 186. 

 Stellaria bulbosa, geographical restriction, ii 



462. 



vegetative propagation, ii. 463. 



Stellaria graminea, protection of pollen, ii.!20v 

 Stellaria Holostea, autogamy, ii. 355. 

 Stellaria media, abortive anthers, ii. 294. 



autogamy, ii. 338. 



hairs on stem and petioles, i. 227. 



movements of cotyledons, i. 532. 



Stellatae, source of name, i. 637. 

 Stellate hairs, classificatory value, ii. 564. 

 Stellera passerina, effect of mutilation, ii. 517. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 

 Stem, classification, i. 650. 



creeping, i. 652, 662. 



floating, characteristics, i. 665. 



foliage bearing, i. 655. 



geometrical arrangement of cells and 



leaves, i. 405. 



grooving of, for water conduction, i. 95. 



lattice-form, i. 678. 



mode of climbing, i. 671, 686. 



morphological considerations, i. 648. 



nodes and intemodes, i. 396. 



procumbent, mechanical tirp^e, i. 735. 



prostrate, i. 662. 



scaly, i. 651. 



subterranean, mechanical tissue, i. 735. 



tendril-bearing, i. 689. 



transverse and longitudinal sect. i. 469- 



weaving, nature of, i. 671. 



woody, i. 657. 



Stemonitis fusca, sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Stephanosphaera, structure, ii. 631. 

 Steppe-antelope, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 

 Steppe-fauna, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 

 Steppe-flora, eastward retr ' 462. 



previously in Central ii. 903. 



Steppe-insects, probable eas. =.treat, ii. 



462. 



Steppe-plants, &c., coloured stamen-fill^, 

 ments in, ii. 183. 



covered by glandular viscid hi '^s, i. 230. 



reserve-buds, ii. 33. 



seed protection, ii. 450. 



sticky foliage in, ii. 236. 



Steppe-porcupine, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 



