A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE 



examples of such galls. (2) Inquilines : uninvited guests which do not themselves originate galls, 

 though their action tends to modify the normal gall, but lay their eggs in the galls formed by the 

 members of the first group, the larvae feeding internally upon the substance of the gall. (3) Para- 

 sites, which have similar habits to those of the ichneumon flies, living and feeding inside the bodies 

 of other insects, chiefly aphides and the larvae of Diptera. 



The Cynipidae are of special interest on account of their varying modes of reproduction. The 

 parasitic forms are developed from eggs fertilized in the usual manner, and this is also true of some 

 of the gall-makers and inquilines. In others, however, reproduction is partially or completely 

 parthenogenetic, the individuals of some species consisting mainly, of others entirely, of females 

 which produce fertile eggs without the co-operation of a male. But besides parthenogenesis some of 

 the gall-making species exhibit the phenomenon of ' alternation of generations.' Such species have 

 a spring brood consisting of males and females, reproducing sexually and giving rise to an autumnal 

 unisexual or wholly female brood which reproduces parthenogenetically and originates the bisexual 

 brood of the following spring. The two generations frequently differ so materially in structural 

 details, and moreover produce galls of such different form and structure, that they were formerly 

 regarded as totally distinct species and received different names. 



The appended list of the gall-making and inquiline Cynipidae of Nottinghamshire is due to 

 the researches of Mr. G. B. Rothera of Nottingham, who had the advantage of the co-operation 

 of Mr. E. A. Fitch in the determination of the species. The names bracketed together in pairs 

 represent respectively the agamic or unisexual, and the sexual generations of those species which 

 exhibit cyclical reproduction or alternation of generations. 



CYNIPIDAE 



[List of species bred from the Galls by 

 G. B. Rothera] 



Rhodites eglanteriae, Htg. Forms smooth, round, 

 pea -like galls on leaves of Rosa canina. 

 Arnold ; Lenton ; Elton, etc. ; S. Leverton 

 (Thornley) 



rosae, L. Causes the familiar ' bedeguar ' or ' Robin's 



pincushion ' on Rosa canina. Common 



nervosus, Curt. (R. rosarum, Gir.). Gall pea- 



shaped, but beset with three to six stout spines, 

 on leaf of Rosa canina. Trent Lane, Lenton; 

 Beauvale Woods, August, 1 904 (Carr) ; 5. Lever- 

 ton, Kingston (Thornley) 



Aulax glechomae, Htg. Forms soft, rounded or 



irregular swellings on leaves or stem of Nepeta 

 glechoma. Linby 



hieracii, Bouch. Produces large, green, hairy 



swellings on the stem of Hieracium 

 Periclistus brandti, Ratz. Inquiline in galls of 

 Rhodites rosae (Robin's pincushion) 



caninae, Htg. Inquiline in galls of Rhodites 



eglanteriae and R. nervosus 

 Synergus melanopus, Htg. Inquiline in galls of 



Cynips kollari 

 - reinhardi, Mayr. Same as last 



tscheki, Mayr. Inquiline in galls of Biorhiza 



terminalis (oak-apples) 



albipes, Htg. Inquiline in, and bred from galls 



of, Dryophanta folii, D. divisa, Neuroterus 

 fumipennis, Andricus curvator, and Trigonaspis 

 megaptera all on oak ; also from galls of Cynips 

 kollari 



facialis, Htg. Inquiline in oak apples (Biorhiza 



terminalis) and oak currant galls of Spathegaster 

 baccarum 



thaumacera, Dal. Inquiline in galls of Trigonaspis 



megaptera 

 Diastrophus rubi, Htg. Forms large irregular fusiform 



swellings on stems of brambles. Strelley 

 Andricus ostreus, Gir. Galls on leaves of Quercus 



robur. 'Nottingham forest ; Bulwell Lane, etc. 



86 



CYNIPIDAE (continued) 



Andricus fecundatrix, Htg. (agamic form). Forms the 



' artichoke galls ' in oak buds. Ollerton, etc. 

 - globuli, Htg. (agamic form). Clifton; Rud- 

 dington; Ollerton 



inflator, Htg. (sexual form). Sherwood 1 Lodge. 



Galls in leaf-buds of Quercus 



radicis, Fab. (agamic form). Galls on root of 



Quercus 



corticis, L. (agamic form). Galls in bark of 



Quercus. Mapperley Park, Nottingham 



collaris, Htg. (agamic form). Galls in buds of 



Quercus 



curvator, Htg. (sexual form). Galls on leaves of 



Quercus. Bulwell Lane 



ramuli, Schenck (sexual form). Cottony galls 

 on catkins of Quercus. Bulwell Lane plantation : 

 Ruddington 



autumnalis, Htg. (agamic form). Galls in ter- 



minal buds of Quercus. Stapleford Hill 



quadrilineatus, Htg. Galls on male catkins of 



Quercus 



marginalis, Schlecht. Galls on leaves of Quercus. 



Gedling 



cirratus, Adi. The agamic form (Andricus calli- 

 doma, Thorns.) produces stalked galls from leaf- 

 buds of Quercus. Between Clifton and Ruddington 



albopunctata, Schlecht. Forms green, white- 



spotted bud galls on Quercus. Gedling 



glandulae, Schenck. The galls are developed 



from lateral buds of Quercus and are clothed 

 with white silky hairs. Blrklands, Sherwood 

 Forest 



solitarius, Fonsc. Gall covered with ferruginous 



hair, from leaf-buds of Quercus. Ollerton 

 Cynips kollari, Htg. Forms the familiar spherical 

 marble-like galls on oak buds. Clifton; Rudding- 

 ton ; Bulwell Lane, etc., common 

 Trigonaspis megaptera, Pz. (sexual form). Galls on 

 roots or trunks of Quercus. Sherwood Forest 



renum, Mayr ( = Biorhiza renum, Gir.) (agamic 



form). Forms kidney-shaped galls on leaves of 

 Quercus. Ollerton 



