INSECTS 



CYNIPIDAE (continued) 



Biorhiza terminalis, Fab. (sexual form). Oak-apple gall 

 on buds of Quercus. Mapperley Park; Bulwell 

 Lane; Kingston; Southwell; etc., common. 



aptera, Fab. (agamic form). Galls on rootlets of 



Quercus. Gedling; Bulwell Lane 

 Dryophanta folii, Htg. (agamic form). Forms the 

 ' cherry gall ' on leaves of Quercus. Bestviood 

 Park; Ollerton 



longiventris, Htg. (agamic form). Galls on leaves 



of Quercus. Tollerton 



agama, Htg. Galls on leaves of Quercus. Not- 



tingham Forest 



divisa, Htg. (agamic form). Galls on leaves of 



Quercus. Clifton; Nottingham Forest 

 Neuroterus lenticularis, Oliv. (agamic form). Origi- 

 nates the galls known as ' oak spangles ' on 

 leaves of Quercus. Clifton Spinney ; Birklands 



baccarum, Htg. ( = Spathegaster baccarum) (sexual 



form). Forms 'oak currant galls' on catkins 

 or leaves of Quercus. Nottingham Forest ; Clifton ; 

 Oxton Wood; Manton Woods, Worksop (Thornley) 



CYNIPIDAE (continued) 



Neuroterus fumipennis, Htg. (agamic form). Causes 

 spangles on leaves of Quercus. Ollerton 



tricolor, Htg. ( = Spathegaster tricolor) (sexual 



form). Forms rounded hairy galls on Quercus 

 leaves. Clifton; Ruddington ; Balloon Houses, 

 Wollaton 



laeviusculis, Schenck (agamic form). Pro- 



duces splangles on leaves of Quercus. Oiler- 

 ton 



albipes, Schenck ( = Spathegaster albipes) (sexual 



form). Gives rise to small galls on edges of 

 leaves of Quercus 



numismatis, Oliv. (agamic form). Forms 



silky ' button galls ' on leaves of Quercus. Oiler- 

 ton 



vesicatrix, Schlecht. ( = Spathegaster vesicatrix) 



(sexual form). The galls are small blister-like 

 swellings on leaves of Quercus. Nottingham 

 Forest 



aprilinus, Gir. Galls on Quercus. Sherwood 



Forest 



CHALCIDIDAE 



A very large group of small Hymenoptera, often brilliantly coloured, and of parasitic habits. 

 The larvae of many species inhabit galls, and feed on the larvae of the gall-makers or inquilines ; 

 others live in the nests of bees, whose grubs they devour ; others attack the caterpillars or pupae of 

 Lepidoptera, and some destroy aphides. Very few species have been obtained in Nottinghamshire, 

 and these were bred by Mr. G. B. Rothera from galls of various Cynipidae, etc. They are the 

 following : 



Tetrastichus diaphantus Walk, j In oafc _ ^ 



Entedon sosarmus, Walk. (Biorhiza ^ rmin S alis) 



Olmx gallarum, Linn. ) ^ 



Eulophus westwoodii, Steph. In galls of Nematus 



gallicola 

 Pteromalus fuscopalpus, Forst. In rose bedeguar gall 



tibialis, West. In oak currant gall (Spathegaster 



baccarum) 

 Mesopolobus fasciiventris, West. In galls of Trigonaspis 



megaptera and Neuroterus fumipennis 

 Eupelmus urozonus, Dalm. In oak-apple galls 

 Megastigmus dorsalis, Fab. ) In oak-apple and marble 



stigmatizans, Fab. J (Cynips kollari) galls 

 Syntomaspis sapphyrina, Boh. In oak-apple galls 

 Torymus abbreviatus, Boh. In the galls of Cecidomyia 



rosae on rose leaves 



abdominalis, Boh. In oak-apples 



hairy galls of Neuroterus fumipennis on oak 

 leaves and in the ' oak currant galls' (Neuroterus 

 lenticularis) 



Torymus bedeguaris, Linn. In rose bedeguar galls 

 (Rhodites rosae) 



- hibernans, Mayr f In oak-apples 



- nigricornis, Boh. In oak-apple (B. terminalis) 



and marble (Cynips kollari) galls 



tipularium, Zett. In galls of Nematus gallicola on 



willow leaves 



viridis, F5rst. In the pea-like galls of Rhodites 



eglanteriae on rose leaves 



Eurytoma aethiops, Boh. In galls of Rhodites 

 eglanteriae and R. nervosus 



- curta, Walk. In galls of Rhodites eglanteriae 



rosae, Nees. In bedeguar galls (Rhodites rosae) 



- rufipes, Walk. In galls of Rhodites eglanteriae 



and R. rosae 



auratus, Fourcr. In oak-apples ; also in the rounded 



The Proctotrypid, Perisemus fulvicornis, Curt., was also bred from oak-apple galls by Mr. Rothera 



ICHNEUMONIDAE 



Ichneumon-flies 1 



The Ichneumon-flies constitute an exceedingly large family of parasitic insects, most of them 

 living in the larval stage inside the bodies of lepidopterous caterpillars. In common with the next 

 family they are therefore of considerable economic importance, keeping in check the destroying hosts 

 of vegetable-feeding caterpillars which might otherwise eat up the produce of our gardens and fields. 

 The long, straight, many-jointed antennae, the position of the stalked abdomen which arises from 

 the lower part of the hind end of the alitrunk or ' thorax,' and of the middle and hind legs which 

 are inserted close together, are distinguishing features of the insects of this family. The wings also 

 have a characteristic and somewhat complex network of veins. The female possesses an ovipositor 

 which in some species is several times as long as the body, as, e.g. in species of Rhyssa and Thalessa 



1 The arrangement and nomenclature adopted here are those of Dalla Torre's Catahgus Hymenopterorum. 



87 



