So ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. Book TI. 



-whole work of the family was performed by their maids. Ulyfles, 

 of whofe family we have a more particular account than of that of 

 any other, had no lefs than 50 maids*, who did all the bufinefs of 

 his family; nor, does it appear that he had any male fervants, ex- 

 cept Eum^us his fwine herd, a goat herd, and a cow herd. And 

 thus it happened, that, when the heroes went abroad, as they car- 

 ried no domeftic fervants with them, neither male nor female, they 

 were obliged to perform, themfelves, the moft fervile offices ; fuch 

 as making a fire and dreffing viduals. but, while they were at 

 home, every thing of that kind was performed by females. — In 

 the firfl: ages of the Roman ftate, when the citizens lived upon a 

 few acres of land, their great men held the plough. Thus Cin- 

 cinnatus was taken from the plough to be Didator, when he com- 

 plained that his farm would fuffer by his abfence. 



And thus it appears, that men, in the firft ages of fociety, before 

 the ufe of money had got in among them, which it had not among 

 the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, lived in a more natural 

 way, being nearer to the natural ftate, and confequently were hap- 

 pier than men in the more advanced ages of fociety. Of this I will 

 fay more afterwards; but, in the mean time, I think I have faid 

 enough to fhow the difference betwixt the minds ot men in the 

 more advanced ages of fociety, and their minds in the natural ftate, or 

 even in the firft ages of fociety; and to prove, that the greateft evils, 

 of mind as well as of body, arile from civil fociety. And, as the 

 pains of the mind are much greater than thofe of the body, (for the 

 body, as Epicurus fays, ails only the prefent, whereas the mind not 

 only ails the prefent, but the paft and future,) the confequence is, 

 that men are much more unhjppy in civil fociety than in the natu- 

 ral ftate. And, 1 am now to inquire. What good is to be reaped 

 from civil fociety; and, whether fome means might not be contriv- 

 ed 



* Odyff. 22 V. 42 r. 



