no ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. Book TIL 



fliall follow his mafter through a rapid river; his love for his mafter 

 inclining him to do it, and on the other hand his fear of the river 

 deterring him from doing it. And hence it is, that fome philofophers, 

 even antient philofophers, have thought that the brutes had intelled: 

 and reafon. But they fhould know that intelled:, and intellect on- 

 ly, forms opinions of what is good or ill, and by thefe opinions is 

 determined to do, or not to do, every thing ; and thus is produced 

 what is called, by the Greeks, voQcci^z(rig'. Whereas the brute has no 

 opinion concerning good or ill, but is guided merely by appetites 

 or defires, inciting him to do, or not to do, certain things ; and in 

 this way we do, or do not, many things, not confidering whether 

 they be good or ill, but prompted only by our animal mind. But 

 the difference betv/ixt us and the brute is this, that we have within 

 us another mind which the brute has not ; I mean the intelledlual 

 mind, w^hich judges of what is good or ill. We have, therefore, in 

 our compofition, two principles of a£lion, the one our intelledl or 

 governing principle, the other our animal nature, which executes 

 every thing, and is the immediate author of all our adions. If the 

 governing principle is wrong in its judgment of what is good or ill, 

 then is the man a iv'ickcd man; and what the animal life executes 

 under the direction of fuch a ruler, is a wicked action. On the other 

 hand, if the judgment of the intelled is right, but our animal 

 mind does not fubmit to be governed by that judgment, but adts in 

 contrariety to it, then the action is not a wicked a<!^ion, but a iveak 

 aEl'ion; and the man is not a wicked man, but a weak man^ becaufe 

 he cannot make his animal part fubmit to his intellectual. Further, 

 let us fuppofe that the animal part docs fubmit, but unwillingly and 

 with reluctance : Then the action will not be a wicked or weak ac- 

 tion; but it will not be accompanied with that pleafure which {hould 

 accompany virtue. It will however be a virtuous adlion; and to the 

 man, who thus conquers his animal mind, and makes it iubmit to 

 the intelledual, we may fay with Horace, 



Latins 



