22$ ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. Book IIL 



I hope to make It appear that intelligence makes him an animal al- 

 together different from other animals, fuch as the brutes, which are 

 only fenfitive but not intelligent. This is the more neceffary, that 

 our great philofopher Mr Locke has, as I have obferved*, confound- 

 ed ideas with fenfations, and accordingly has made a clafs of ideas 

 that he calls Lkas of Setifat'iotis. Now, the brutes have fenfations 

 as well as we ; and many of them fenfations more acute and more 

 perfed than ours : And as ideas are the foundation of all know- 

 ledge, if the brutes have ideas, they muft have knowledge as well as 

 we ; and if their fenfations be more perfed, their knowledge muft 

 be fo alfo. 



Further, the brutes have not only ideas, according to the philofo- 

 phy of Mr Locke, but they compare thofe ideas ; and the refult of 

 that comparifon is, their preferring one thing to another. That 

 they have a faculty of comparifon is a fadl which, I think, cannot 

 be denied ; and, in confequence of that comparifon, they prefer one 

 thing to another, as I have elfewhere obfervedf : And it is foi; that 

 reafon, that the mere animal, without intelligence, is, by Ariftotle, 

 called Xuov XoytKovXi and, accordingly, he has defined man to be 

 fuch an animal, before he has acquired intellect and fcience. And 

 not only does the brute compare together objeds of fenfation, while 

 they are prefent to the fenfes, but he compares the images of fenfi- 

 ble objeds, which he has retained in his phantafia, with objeds 

 prefently perceived by his fenfes, as I have faid in the loth chapter 

 of this book§: So that, if fenfations are ideas, the brute retains them 

 in his mind, as we do our ideas, and compares them with other fen- 

 fations, that is, according to Mr Locke's philofophy, with other 

 ideas. Upon the principles, therefore, of Mr Locke's philofophy, he 

 may be faid not only to have ideas, but to compare them together, 

 and to exercife that intellectual faculty of the human mind, which 



is 



* Page 172. t Vol. 4. p. 13. t I^^^- P- 12. and 13. 



§ Page 175. of this vol. 



