Chap IV. ANTIENT METAPHYSICS. 87 



are nccefTarilv connedled. This is the cafe not only of particular 

 quaUiies, inherent in any fuhje£t, but of the relation it may have to 

 other fubjeds ; which relation cannot exift without thefe other lub- 

 jeds. Nov/, the Categories prefent to us a fyftem of all things that 

 exift by themfelves and without other things, and likewife of all 

 things that exift only with other things, being inherent in them or 

 related to' them ; that is, in otiier words, it comprehends all things 

 that we can conceive as exifting in the univerfe. 



Thefe laft mentioned things Archytas, as I have faid, has num- 

 bered, i^nd made them amount to nine, confifting ot quantity^ qua~ 

 lily doings Jufjering^ &c*. But as to Subftances, he has not attempt- 

 ed to number them, though they are certainly not without number; 

 but it is beyond our capacity to number them. And I think it was 

 a great efibrt ot genius to reduce to number even the qualities, which 

 are fo many and fo various, but which are all comprehended in the 

 general ideas ot qualities that he has given us. 



It is, therefore, evident that fubftance and its qualities muft com- 

 prehend every thing in the fyftem of the univerfe. But as fubftan- 

 ces are very various and very different from one another, I will fay 

 fomething more of them than Arciiytas has faid. As to qualities, by 

 the divifion he has made of them, 1 think he has explained them 

 fufficiently. 



Subftances are either material or immaterial. Material fubftances 

 are either the tour elements, earth, air, fire, and water, by themfelves, 

 or tlieir compofition into animals, vegetables, or minerals; that is, 

 the three kingdoms as they are called, which cont: in all bodies* 

 The'e bodies are organized or unorganized: Organized-, fuch as ani- 

 mals and vegetables; unorganized, fuch as earths, itones, and minerals. 



And 



• Slc Ariftotle's Categories in the beginning, where all the Categories of Archj-tas 

 are recited. 



