272 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, JANUARY 1954 



liydiothermal process used to grow these quartz crystals it has been neces- 

 sary to soh'e man}- problems in the little-known field of high pressure. The 

 results point to the possibility of growing other t3'i)es of crystals, and the 

 field of usefulness of this process now appears to be much more extensive 

 than was the case at the beginning of the investigation in 1946. Of prime 

 importance is the fact that crystals grown from solution are likely to be 

 better formed and of more perfect quality than those grown from the melt 

 or by other methods. Many of the difficulties inherent in this work have 

 been due to corrosion of steel in alkaline solution. This was a rather unex- 

 pected problem, since in high pressure steam boilers alkali is added in small 

 amounts to prevent corrosion of the boiler tubes. Such corrosion has been 

 shown to be responsible for the appearance of electrical twinning on the 

 growing faces of the quartz crystals. Other causes of such twinning have 

 also been found in the course of this work. 



Walker, L. B.} 



Starting Currents in the Backward-Wave Oscillator, J. App. Phys., 

 24, pp. 854-859, July, 1953. 



The starting current of a simple model of the backward-wave oscillator 

 described by Kompfner and Williams has been calculated. The effect of 

 space charge is included. The starting current Jo may be written in the form 



4Fo 



2 .V 



where Vo is the beam voltage, Zq is the impedance of the circuit, .V is the 

 length of the oscillator in wavelengths measured on the circuit and ao(4QC) 

 is a dimensionless quantity which has been evaluated as a function of the 

 space-charge parameter -iQC. 



Wallace, W. B., see P. F. Kruse, Jr. 



Washburn, S. H.^ 



Application of Boolean Algebra to the Design of Electronic Switching 

 Circuits, A.I.E.E. Trans., Commun. & Electronics, 8, pp. 380-388, 

 Sept., 1953. 



Werner, D. R.- 



Effects of Polarization on Telephone Cable Buried Through a Salt 

 Bed, Corrosion, 9, pp. 232-236, July, 1953. 



Cathodic protection has been applied to a copper jacketed cable in a salt lake 

 bed about one mile wide in which the earth resisti\-it3' was apparently uni- 



1 Bell Telephone Laboratories. 



^ American Telephone and Telegraph Company. 



