152 FOREST PROTECTION 



by smelting in the regions where the hardwoods 

 prevail; where the forest has little value; on 

 islands; in deserts or prairies. 

 2. In woodlands adjoining: 



(a) Conversion of woodlands into farms or pastures; oJ 



of high forest into low forest; 



(b) Cutting affected and dying trees; 



(c) Maintaining the fertility and, notably, the water con- 



tents of the soil through protection from fire and 

 by keeping a dense undergrowth; 



(d) Avoidance of partial logging. 



