SYLVICULTURE 59 



the budding stools of the trees, rye or buckwheat is sown. 

 Sometimes two such agricultural crops are raised before the 

 coppice interferes to prevent further operations of this kind. 



Coppice with Standards 



The system of coppice with standards is a combination of 

 an overwood of high forest with an underwood of coppice. 

 The number per acre of standards or " stores " is not fixed, 

 and the character of the wood varies according to whether 

 they or the coppice form the predominant class. In the 

 former case the method of management approaches that of 

 the high forest selection system, and in the latter, that of 

 even-aged coppice. 



Coppice with standards has its typical form where con- 

 sideration is given to both classes, and where the standards 

 consist of light-crowned species uniformly distributed over 

 the area. It is then a system affording special advantages to 

 private proprietors, for it supplies a great variety of material 

 much of which is useful for estate purposes. 



It makes considerable demands on the fertility of the soil, 

 and is really only in its proper place when upon rich, low- 

 lying lands which are subject to occasional inundation. 

 Beyond such localities the system fails to realise the volume 

 and monetary returns of well-managed high forest. 



The overwood is recruited partly from good stool shoots, 

 partly from seedling or nursery stock. As the introduction 

 of fresh plants can be effected only after a cutting, the age 

 of the standards is always some multiple of the age of the 

 coppice. It follows, also, that the interval of years between 

 each even-aged class of standards corresponds to one rotation 

 of the coppice. At each fall of the coppice the oldest class 

 of standards is felled and the younger classes are inspected 

 carefully, with a view, chiefly, to the removal of stems, which, 

 from any reason in themselves, or in their relation to the 

 underwood have become objectionable. 



When the standards are very numerous, it is necessary to 



