84 FORESTRY 



previous year. Oaks only are attacked, often very severely. 

 The leaves are bitten, at first slightly, then rolled into a tube- 

 like form and more thoroughly devoured. At midsummer 

 cocoops are formed upon the tree either on the bark or 

 amongst the twigs and remnants of leaves. From the chry- 

 salis the winged insect escapes about three weeks later. The 

 trees may be practically bereft of green leaves, with a conse- 

 quent loss in timber production. 



PINE-SHOOT TORTRIX, Retinia buoliana. In July eggs are laid 

 singly on the terminal buds of young trees of the Scots Pine, 

 and all the stages of the insect's metamorphosis are passed 

 in that region. The small caterpillar bores into the terminal 

 bud, where it passes the winter ; next spring it pierces and 

 hollows out not only the leading shoot, but also most of the 

 surrounding whorl of lateral buds. Any of the latter which 

 escape, curve upward in order to take the place of the 

 destroyed leader. This gives a very characteristic and 

 objectionable twist to the stem in after-life. 



LARCH MINING MOTH, Coleophora (Tinea) larlcella (Fig. 17). 



c a d e 



FIG. 17. LARCH MINING MOTH (Coleophora laricello) 

 a. Moth (magnified). b. Lines to show natural size. c. Larva. 

 d. Larval case. e. Pupa. 



The female moth lays her eggs in the needles of the Larch 

 in May and June. In the latter month the larvae appear, 

 and hollow or mine out the needles. The caterpillar, which 

 is very small, lives inside a case formed from a Larch needle. 

 In this it spends the winter, but shortly after hibernation a 

 larger case is demanded on account of its increased size. 

 The larva obtains this by attaching a second empty needle 



