CONIFERAE. 57 



The type Araucaria is known to us in its entire cones and cone-scales 

 from Jurassic strata, and care is requisite in dealing with it where we have 

 unbroken cones only before us, that it may not be confounded with stems of 

 Cycadeae. The foliage, which varies much, as we know, in recent forms, can 

 only be certainly determined when it is found in actual connection with the 

 cones. The general habit is seen in the cone of Araucaria sphaerocarpa, 

 Carr. 1 from the Great Oolite of Stonesfield ; the original specimen preserved 

 in the Geological Department of the British Museum shows the single seed 

 in the median position on a detached scale. Of A. Brodiaei, Carr. 2 , from 

 the Bathonian (Lower Oolite), we have also a reliable broken cone, which is 

 attached to a leafy stalk after the manner of Brachyphyllum described 

 below on page 78. Of A. Philippsi, Carr. 3 , from the Lower Oolite of York- 

 shire, only the characteristic scales are preserved, each scale having one seed. 

 In the Upper Oolite (Kimmeridge of Bellay) are found leafy cone-bearing 

 branches, like those of the recent A. Bidwillii, which have been figured and 

 described by Saporta as Araucaria microphylla, Sap. 4 The same author 

 has also described cone-scales of A. Moreauana, Sap. 5 from the Coralline 

 Oolite of St. Mihiel. Many trustworthy cone-scales also with the impression 

 of the seeds have been obtained by O. Feistmantel from the Gondwana beds 

 in the East Indies (which may be Jurassic). The figures of Araucarites 

 macropterus, O. Feistm. 6 , and of A. cutchensis, O. Feistm. 7 , may be compared. 

 Araucarias are supposed to have lived in France in Eocene times also ; 

 the English Araucarias described by Gardner 8 are founded on leafy branches 

 only. Similar branches from the Tertiaries and the Chalk have been referred 

 to Cunninghamia . Hardly any fossil remains of Dammara are known ; 

 the scales from the polar Chalk named by Heer 10 Dammara borealis and 

 D. macrosperma are not convincing ; the latter might very well be a cone- 

 scale of Araucaria. The cone-like bodies described by Presl u under the 

 name of D. albens have lately been claimed by Velenovsky 12 as stems of 

 Cycas and named Krannera. 



The needles described by Heer under the name of Abies Crameri 

 remind us of the leaf-structure of Sciadopitys, as has been already said. 

 Another kind of needle from the Jurassic beds of Spitzbergen has been 

 described by Heer and named by him Pinus Nordenskioldi, but Schmal- 

 hausen 13 , who had similar leafy branches before him, calls it Cyclopitys and 

 places it side by side with Sciadopitys; he has also described a second 

 species, which he names C. Heerii. But, as Schenk has shown 14 , the resem- 



1 Carruthers (1). a Carruthers (2). 3 Carruthers (2). . * de Saporta (4), vol. iii, t. 186. 

 5 de Saporta (4), vol. iii, t. 18^. 6 Palaeontologia Indica, sen II, Gondwana syst. vol. i, 



pt. iii, p. 1 86 ; t. 8. 7 Pal. Ind., ser. II, vol. i, pt. i, p. 96 ; t. 14. 8 Gardner (1) (1884% 



9 Zittel (1). l Heer (3). u Sternberg, Graf von (1). ia Velenovsky (1). " Schmalhausen (1). 

 14 Zittel (1). 



